The Book of The Giants Pdf

Oh, the book of the giants pdf is a great story. I’m going to share it with you. Now, I know this is a book. You can look at its cover and read. It’s easy, right? You just have to open it and see what’s inside. You can use your hands or read with your eyes. It’s very interesting

Greetings, fellow human. I see you are looking for the Book of the Giants. Welcome back; your visit is always welcome here at this home page of dark things, as well as here at our library of all things dark. Within these walls you will find not just one book but many — all containing the teachings of the fabled Giants .

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Churchgist will give you all you ask on What Is the Book of Giants, The book of the giants pdf, Is the Book of Giants Part of the Bible and so much more.

What Is the Book of Giants?

The Book of Giants is a pseudepigraphal book written in antediluvian time. In plain English, it is a book not included in the canon and it was written before the Flood. It has a similar storyline to another pseudepigraphal book, 1 Enoch.

Scholars recognize this book as a true piece of ancient literature. Fragments of The Book of Giants were found at Qumran in 1947 among the Dead Sea Scrolls. There is no doubt that this book was written and shared pre-flood and after. What is hard to piece together is the storyline because we only have fragments.

What Is the Book of Giants About?

As stated before, the storyline of this book is somewhat difficult to put together because we don’t have the full version. Scholars have used the fragments found with the Dead Sea Scrolls to come up with a suggested summary.

What scholars have learned is that there are two versions of The Book of Giants. Along with the Dead Sea Scroll version is the Manichean version.

Dead Sea Scroll Version

This version was written in Aramaic and is an expansion of the story written in 1 Enoch. In this version, God sends the “Watchers” to earth with the purpose of nurturing humanity. Because the Watchers were angelic beings from heaven, they were to teach humans how to carry out proper rituals and have ethical conduct.

The Watchers stray from their intended purpose and begin to seduce and be seduced by mortal women. When the Watchers lie with mortal women, they create offspring that looks different than other human offspring. These offspring are called giants and they spend their lives causing havoc upon the earth. The prophet Enoch tries unsuccessfully to intercede on the behalf of the giants and God sends the flood.

The Manichean Version

The founder of the Manichean religion was an apostle named Mani. He is given credit for writing The Book of Giants. Mani was raised in southern Mesopotamia in a Jewish- Christian sect called the Elkesaites. When he was twelve, Mani began having visions. His visions would get him excommunicated and so he founds his own religion.

In Mani’s version, we find a similar story to that of the Dead Sea Scrolls version. It was written in Syriac, an eastern Aramaic dialect and tells the story of demons escaping the heavenly realm to live on Earth. While on Earth, the demons cause chaos and destruction. The entirety of this version tells of the battles between light and darkness with forces being led by the archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel.

Is the Book of Giants Part of the Bible?

The Book of Giants is not included in the Bible. When the Bible as we know it today was coming together, a set of requirements for canonization was developed. If a book did not meet all the requirements, it would not be included. Those requirements were the following.

Author had to be an apostle or in close relationship to an apostle
Accepted by the body of Christ at large
Contain consistent doctrine and orthodox teaching
Have evidence of high moral and spiritual value

The scholars and theologians gathered to complete the task of creating a canon did not believe the Book of Giants met these requirements and therefore should not be included.

Even though the Book of Giants is not in our Bibles today, we can find some connections from Scripture to this book. In Genesis 6:4 it says “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days – and also afterward – when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them…. Further along in the book of Numbers in chapter 13 we read verse 33. It says “We saw the Nephilim there. We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes, and we looked the same to them.”

Extract

Isaac De Beausobre, the Huguenot author of one of the best books ever written on Manichæism (Histoire critique de Manichée et du Mani cheïsme, Amsterdam, 1734, 1739), was the one to make the only sound suggestions on the sources used by Mani for the compilation of his Book of the Giants: the Book of Enoch, and the which Kenan, a great-grandson of Noah, discovered lying in a field (vol. i, 429, n. 6). The latter work has been indentified by Alfaric (Lex Écritures Manichéennes, ii, 32) with a book whose contents are briefly indicated in the Decretum Gelasianum, p. 54, II. 298–9 (ed. Dobschütz): Liber de Ogia nomine gigante qui post diluvium cum dracone ab hereticis pugnasse perhibetur apocryphys. Of the Book of Enoch, which was composed in the Hebrew language in the second century B.C., only an Ethiopic version, a few Greek fragments, and some excerpts made by the Byzantine chronographer Georgius Syncellus survive. Mani, who could hardly read the Hebrew, must have used an Aramaic edition based directly on the Hebrew text (see below, Šhmyz’d). He quotes mainly from the first part, which Georgius S. (p. 45, EI.-R.) called “the first book of Enoch on the Egrēgoroi”, but shows himself acquainted also with the subsequent chapters.

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , February 1943 , pp. 52 – 74

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00071214[Opens in a new window]Copyright

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References

page 53 note 1

Numerous variants (p. 126, Dobschūtz), e.g. de ogiae, de oggie, diogiae, diogine, diogenes, de ocia, de ugia, de ugica, de ozia, de ugia, de ugica, de ogiga, de eugia, de uegia, de eugenia, etc. In MIgne’s Patrologia Latina the text is in vol. 59, 162–3.

page 53 note 2

See Charles, The Book of Enoch, 2nd ed., 1912. For the Greek fragments (and Georgius S.) the edition by Flemming and Radermacher, (= Fl.-R.) is quoted here. For Mani’s use of the Enoch literature see my papers in Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27, 27–32, and in ZDMG., 90, 2–4.

page 53 note 3

See below A 86–94, and compare G 19–21 with Enoch 67, 4, and G 38 with Enoch 17, 1; 21,7; 54,6; 67,4–13. On chaps. 72 sqq. see Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 32.

page 53 note 4

Namely the Kamsarakan-k– (mentioned often in the Armenian history of the fourth century) who claimed descent from the royal house of the Arsacids. This is clear from the Chinese Maniehæan text that preceded the Fragment Pelliot, now printed in the Taishô TripiṠaka as No. 2141a, vol. 54, p. 1280A, but hitherto untranslated: “He was born in the country-of Sunn (= Babylonia), in the royal abode ofB’uât-tiei (= Patī-g), by his wifeMuân-jām (= Maryam) of the family ofKiяm-sât-g’ion (= Kamsar(a)gān).” The namein the Byzantine formula of abjuration (Migne, Pair. Gr., i, 1468) may be corrupted from Kamsar-. Thus there is a grain of truth in the assertion in the K. al-Fihrist, 327, 31, that Mani’s mother had belonged to the Arsacid house; ibid., Maryam (ed. marmaryam) is given as one of hernames.—It is not proposed to discuss the origin of Mani’s father here.

page 53 note 5

I have abandoned my earlier opinion on this point (ZDMG., 90, 4) which was based on insufficient material. The important Sogdian fragment, text H, was not then known to me.

page 53 note 1

See BS0S., VIII, 583Google Scholar; ZDMG., 90, 4. [Cf. also Bal. girōk, Geiger, No. 107.]

page 53 note 2

Cf. also Parthian bgpwhr’n, Sogd. βγPšyt, lit. “sons of God” = angels (also fern. Sogd. βγpwryšt). Thus bgpwhr has a double meaning in Parthian, it being (Sogd. βγpwr) also the translationof Chin. T’ien-tzŭ, or rather of Skt. devaputra.

page 53 note 3

Herein he differed from the common interpretation of the passage (Nephilim = giants), shared also by the authors of the Book of Enoch.

page 53 note 4

M 41: ‘br q’rc’r’wt zmbg ‘sift cy’whrmyzdbg qyrd ‘d dyw’n: dw q’w’n ‘wt dw nyw’n.

page 53 note 5

This word, in the anti-Manichæan book by Alexander Lycopolitanus, p. 8, 10, ed. Brinkmann, refers neither to the Manich. “First Battle”, nor to Mani’s Book of the Giants, as Cumont, Rech., i, 3; ii, 160 sq., erroneously states. Cumont goes so far as to say that in the quoted passage Alexander had given a summary of Mani’s work, and Benveniste, MO., xxvi, 213, has repeated this statement. In fact, Alexander says that experts in Greek mythology might quote, from the Greek poets, the Greekyуyαντομαχlα, as a parallel to the Manich. doctrine of the rising by the Hyle against God. In ch. 25 (p. 37, 13 sqq.) Alexander explains that such poetical fables about giants could not be regarded as a satisfactory parallel, because they were myths and meant to be understood as allegories. He then (37, 17) quotes the story of Genesis vi, 2–4, which he provides with an allegorical explanation. But he ascribes it to the History of the Jews without even mentioning the Book of the Giants. This shows conclusively that he had no knowledge of Mani’s book.

page 54 note 1

Jackson, Researches, 37, 67 sq., has “poisonous mass”; cf. OLZ., 1934, 752.

page 54 note 2

Hence the comparative mzndr (e.g. Mir.Man., i) and the superlative Pahl. măzan-tum(e.g. Dd., p. 118, 12 ed. Anklesaria).

page 54 note 3

Clearly to be derived from Av. mazan– “greatness”. Cf. also Jackson, loc. cit., on mzn. Hence, the first part of the name of Māzandarān probably = “gigantic”.

page 54 note 4

Thus Dobschūtz, Decret. Gelas., p. 305.

page 54 note 5

Dobschūtz, loc. cit., who quotes Fabricius, Cod. pseudepigr., 799 sq., and Migne, Diet, des apocr., ii, 649, 1295.

page 55 note 1

For example, Men.Khr., 68, 12; 69, 12, ed. Andreas; Pahl. Yasna, 9, 10 (p. 71, 19).

page 55 note 2

Shm, of course, transcribes S’hm, not S’m.

page 55 note 3

MPers. m’hw’y A 7, with suff. m’hwy-c A 19, Sogd. m’h’wy C 15 (= Wrogdad οуlï in B). Hardly = Māhōi (as suggested ZDMG., 90, 4), for the ending -ōi was pronounced -ōi also in the third century (cf. e.g. wyrwd = Wērēi in the inscription of Shapur, line 34). Furthermore, there was no Māhōi among the heroes of the Iranian epos (M. is well known as the name of the governor of Marv at the time of the last Yezdegerd). More likely Māhawai was a non-Iranian name and figured already in the Aramaic edition of the Kawān; it may have been adapted to the Persian. Cf. Mḥwy’l, Genesis, iv, 18 ?

page 55 note 4

But see Mir.Man., iii, 858 (b 134 sqq.).

page 55 note 5

The children of the Egrēgoroi share with the inhabitants of Airyana Vaēĵah the distinction of being regarded as the inventors (or first, users) of the arts and crafts. For the spelling of Aryān-Vēžan see aldo Appendix, text U. It is not clear wheather Yima (text V) had been given a place in the Sogdian Kawān. Ymyẖ, i.e. Imi, is the correst Sogdian form of the name.

page 56 note 1

This system of notation has been used also in my book Sogdica, and in my paper in BSOS., X, pp. 941 sqq. The various interpunction marks are uniformly represented by oo here.

page 56 note 2

But possibly Frg. i should occupy the first place; see below, notes on lines 95–111.

page 60 note 1

= far less than he could say. Cf. Əž hazār yak, ŠGV., xiv, 2, Əž hazārą baewarą yak, ibid., xvi, 1. Salemann, Zap. Imp. Ak. Nauk, sér. viii, t. vi, No. 6, 25, quoted Persian az hazār yakī va az bisyār andakī.

page 60 note 2

The texts B and C (Uygur and Sogdian) could be inserted here (or hereabouts).

page 60 note 3

Probably one of the twenty “deearchs” (Enoch 6, 7), viz. No. 4 Kokabiel = Χωχαριᾑλ in the Greek fragments, and Χωβαβιᾑλ apud Syncellus.

page 60 note 4

This also could be a “decarch”, Arakib– ‘Αρκιẑλ, or Aramid– ‘Ραμιᾑλ.

page 60 note 5

Incomplete name.

page 60 note 6

Cf. Enoch 7, 5.

page 60 note 7

txtg might be appellative, = “a board”. This would fit in three of the passages, but hardly in the fourth.

page 60 note 8

Evidently this is the dream that Enoch reads in the fragment M 625_c (= Text D, below), which therefore probably belonged to the Kawān. It should be inserted here.

page 61 note 1

Here (or hereabouts) the texts E aDd F should be entered, both of which deal with the judgment on the fallen angels. Text F approximates to Enoch, ch. 10 (pronouncement of the judgment by God), while Text E is nearer to Enoch, ch. 13 (communication of the judgment to the angels by Enoch).

page 61 note 2

= Enoch, 12, 4–5: Ε⋯π⋯ το⋯ς ⋯λρηΥόροις … ούκ εοταγ ύμίν είρήνη.

page 61 note 3

= Enoch, 13, 1–5: ⋯ξέ ‘Ενώχ … ειπεν … ονκ εσται σοι ειρηνη. κριμα μεΥα εεν κατά σού ήσαι σε … περι … τής άξκς και τής άμαρτιας κτλ.

page 61 note 4

= Enoch, 14, 6: ιξ,ητε τής ύπώλειαν τών νίών ύμών.

page 61 note 5

= Syncellus, pp. 44–5 Fl.-R. (ad cap. xvi), cf, Genesis, vi, 3. άπολούνται οί άΥαπητοί ύμών … οτι πάσαι αί ήμέραι τής ξωής αύτών άπό τού νύν ού μή έσοντάι πλείω τών έκατόν είκοσιν έτών.

page 61 note 6

In Jewish Persian trwš is “ram” (Lagarde, Pers. Stud., 73), but in the dialect of Rišahr nr. Bushire (according to the notes made on this dialect by Andreas about seventy years ago) tÎštär is “a young she-goat”. See JEAS., 1942, 248. [trwš, Is. I¹¹, Ier. 51⁴⁰ = Hebr. ‘attūd, probably understood as “he-goat”.]

page 61 note 7

These lines evidently refer to the promise of peace and plenty that concludes the divine judgment in Enoch, 10. Hence = “each pair of those animals shall have two hundred young”?

page 61 note 8

sārišn: cf. DkM. 487apu.-488, 3, “when they provoke (sārēn-) him, he does not get irritated (sār– and better, sārih-).” GrBd. 5, 8, “if you do not provoke, or instigate (sārēn-) a fight” (differently Nyberg, ii, 202). sār-, if from sarƏd– (Skt. śardh-), is presumably the transitive to syrydn (from srdhya– according to Bartholomæ), cf. NGGW., 1932, 215, n. 3.

page 61 note 9

Cf. Enoch, 10, 19: ή άμπελος [sic] ήν άν φντεύσονσιν πρόχονς οίνν χιλιάξας. … έλαίας ….

page 61 note 10

ty or ty[y] = tai from taih from taiy (cf. GGA., 1935,18), is ambiguous: (1) sharp instrument, (2) burning, glow, brightness, sunrays, etc. So also is tyzyy: (1)sharpness, (2)speed. One could also restore ty[gr].

page 61 note 11

Lit. [but the wing(s) that (is, are) with him]. The curious expression was chosen probably on account of the rhythm. For the same reason byc is employed in the place of ‘n’y in line 73.

page 61 note 12

Lit. “beats”.

page 61 note 13

‘ystyh– is obviously different from ‘styh– (on which see BSOS., IX, 81), and possibly-derived from ‘yst-, cf. z’yh– “to be born” from z’y– “to be born”. ‘ystyh– is met with in W.-L., ii, 558, R i 25, “blessed chief who stands (‘ystyhyd?) as the sign of the Light Gods.” Lentz has ‘ystyhnd, but without having seen the manuscript one may presume a misreading (cf. ibid., R i 1, Lentz: pd[‥]dg, but probably pr[‘d]ng, R i 2, Lentz: p.d’r, but probably pyr’r, ibid., R ii 22, Lentz: ‘n.z, but probably ]wn; for further cases see OLZ., 1934, 10).

page 62 note 1

St. John, 13, 16.

page 62 note 2

phrystn: phryz– = Parth. prx’stn: prxyz– (cf. Av. pārihaēza-, Sogd. pr-ryž; Parth. ‘x’št: MPers. ‘xyst) is mostly “to stand around, to be about, versari”, sometimes “to stand around for the purpose of looking after someone” = “serve, nurse, protect”, often merely “to be”. phryz– “to stand off, to abstain” is presumably different (para-haeza-).

page 62 note 3

The series of visions in which Enoch sees the arrangements for the punishment of the fallen angels, etc., and of “the kings and the Mighty” (chaps, xvii sqq.), follows immediately upon the announcement of the divine judgment. Hence, frgg. k-gmust be placed after frg. 1. Text G (below), which describes the execution of the divine order, could perhaps be inserted here.

page 62 note 4

It is difiScult to decide whether this fragment should be placed at the end or at the beginning of the book. The 400,000 Righteous may have perished when the Egrēgoroi descended to the earth. The “choosing of beautiful women”, etc., strongly suggests the misbehaviour of the Egrēgoroi on their arrival upon the earth. The hard labour imposed on the Mesenians and other nations may be due to the insatiable needs of their giant progeny (Enoch, 7, 2 sqq.). On the other hand, “fire, naphtha, and brimstone” are only mentioned as the weapons with which the archangels overcame the Egrēgoroi, after a prolonged and heavy fight (Text G, 38), and the 400,000 Righteous may well have been the innocent non-combatant victims of this battle which may have had a demoralizing effect even upon the electae. To clear up the debris the archangels would naturally commandeer the men. We do not know whether Mani believed Enoch to have been moved out of sight (έλήμφΦη Enoch, 12, 1) before the Egrēgoroi appeared, or before they were punished.

page 62 note 5

See texts R, and Q (where 4,000 instead of 400,000).

page 62 note 6

See BSOS., X, 398.Google Scholar

page 62 note 7

See text T, line 3.

page 62 note 8

Cf. Enoch, 7, 1 ?

page 62 note 9

On myšn’yg’n see BSOS., X, 945, n. 2,Google Scholar on hwjyg, ibid., 944, n. 7.

page 63 note 1

py(y) always = nerves, sinews (not “fat” as in Mir.Man., i, etc., as alternative rendering). It is equivalent to nerfs (Chavannes-Pelliot, Traité Man., 32/3 [528/9]), Uygur singir (T.M., iii, 18/9), Copt. = Sehne (Keph., 96, etc.), Sogd. p§§w‘ (unpubl.). Cf. also GrBd., 196, 4, where Goetze, ZII., ii, 70, wrongly has “fat”. MPers. pai = NPers. pai = Pashto pala = Sogd. p§§w‘ (not Av. piΦwā-).

page 63 note 2

Hardly “to”. Cf. Cumont, Rech., i, 49, and my paper NGGW., 1932, 224.

page 63 note 3

Or: over the Just God, sun and moon, the (or: his) two names. The “Just God” is the Third Messenger (not = bgr’štygr, i.e. Zrwān).

page 63 note 4

Unintelligible. Lit. “…two flames given into the (or: his) hand”.

page 63 note 5

Cf. Sb.P.A.W., 1934, 27Google Scholar, and BSOS., VIII, 585.Google Scholar

page 63 note 6

Cf. M 171, 32 sqq. ‘wt ‘st ngwiš’g ky ‘w ‘b[w](r)[s] m’nh’g ky hmyw zrgtvng ‘štyd ‘wš zmg ‘wd t’b’n png ny ryzynd. ‘w’gwn hwyc hwrw’n ngwš’g pd pzd ‘wd wšyd’x pd xw’r ‘wt dyjw’r, kd dwr ‘c wjydg’n ‘wt kd nzd ‘w wjydg’n, hw pd wxybyy frhyft ‘wd w’wryft ‘škybyd, etc. “And some Hearers are like unto the juniper which is ever green, and whose leaves are shed neither in summer nor in winter. So also the pious Hearer, in times of persecution and of free exercise (lit. openmindedness), in good and bad days, under the eyes of the Elect or out of their sight, — he is constant in his charity and faith.” Although the word ‘bwrs is incomplete in both passages, its restoration is practically a certainty.

page 63 note 7

Possibly the parable of St. Mark, iv, 3 sqq.

page 63 note 8

8 Cf. BSOS., IX, 86Google Scholar.

page 67 note 1

An elaborate version of this parable is found in M 221 R 9–23: u nyws0161;’ kyh’n rw’ng’n ‘w wjyydg’n “wryyd”wn m’n’g c’wn’ Škwẖ myrd [ky] dwxt ‘y nyq z’d hy, ‘wd pd wryhryy ‘wd’gr’yyẖ ‘byr hwcyyhr hy. ‘wd h’n myrd ‘y ‘škwẖ’w hwcyhryyẖ ‘y’ wy qnyycg xwyš dwxlr prg’myyh cy ”byr h[wcyhr] [h]y. ‘wd’wy dwxlr ‘y hwcyhr [ M.’wš ‘w š’ẖ hndyym’n [qwnyh] ‘wd š’ẖ’wy qnycg ps[ndyh?] ‘wd pd znyy nš’yy. ‘wš [ ] pws ‘cyygšz’ynd[ ] pwsryn ‘yš’c ‘w[y myrd ‘y ‘š]kwẖ dwxlr z[‘d (remainder missing), “The Hearer that brings alms to the Elect, is like unto a poor man to whom a pretty daughter has been born, who is very beautiful with charm and loveliness. That poor man fosters the beauty of that girl, his daughter, for she is very beautiful. And that beautiful daughter …, he presents her to the king. The king approves of her, and puts her into bis harem. He has [several] sons by her…. The sons that were born to that poor man’s daughter.…”. Throughout the story the parabolic optative is in use.

page 64 note 2

For a similar parable see below, lines 258 sqq.

page 64 note 3

zyyg: this word, hitherto unexplained, occurs in the Šābuhragān (M 470 V 14, spelt z’yg). The sinners, roasting in hell, see.

page 64 note 4

Possibly “weapons”.

page 64 note 5

Cf. Kephalaia, 192/3.

page 64 note 6

Cf. āhīd-gar-ān below, F 43/4. For a discussion of āhīd see Zaehner, BSOS., IX, 315 sq. Perhaps one can understand Av. āhiti- as “ something that causes shame”, hence “stain”, etc. In that case Anahitā could be compared to Apsaras. As regards NPere. xīre, mentioned by Zaehner, this may be connectedwith Sogd. yyr’k “foolish”. The word in DkM., 205s, is not necessarily hyrg-gwn (thus Zaehner, ibid., 312). It might be hyl– = Pashto xar

page 65 note 1

Cf. supra, lines 206–212.

page 65 note 2

On boyuq see Bang, , loc. cit., p. 15, who has:Google Scholar

page 66 note 1

Cf. Enoch, 13, 9, ήλθον πрóς aύτοÙς, кaì πάντ㎭ς συνγ·γμένοί έ

page 66 note 2

Cf. Enoch, 13, 4–6.

page 66 note 3

i.e. the divine order for their punishment (Enoch, 10).

page 67 note 4

[Other fragments of the same manuscript (“T i”), not however belonging to the Kawān, show that there were three columns to a page; hence, the correct order of the columns is: BCDEFA. Perhaps this text, too, is not a fragment of the Kawān.].

page 67 note 1

murzīdan is “persecute, harass”, not “show pity” as hitherto translated (S 9; Mir.Man., ii; W.-L., ii, 556, r 6).

page 67 note 2

ghwd (Mir.Man., ii), ghwdg’n (Mir.Man., i), ghwyn– (ZII., ix, 183, 27): the derivation of these words from vi + hū by Schaeder, , Sb.P.A.W., 1935, 492, n. 3Google Scholar, is based on the translation I had given; this translation, however, was based on nothing but this selfsame etymology.

page 67 note 3

Enoch, 10, 10.

page 68 note 1

This passage in particular seems to show that the text is a fragment of the Kawān. There are two groups of sinners here: one is (apparently) to be transferred from a preliminary fireprison to the permanent hell at the end of the world (= the Egrēgoroi), the other consists of the κίβδηλι(= Giants). The digression on their final fate in the great conflagration, under the eyes of the self-satisfied Righteous (cf. Šābuhragān, M 470 V), is well in keeping with Mani’s discursive style.

page 68 note 2

w’y– (different from Parth. w’y– “to lead”) = “to fly” or “to hunt” ? Cf. w’ywg “hunter”(BBB., where the translation should be changed), Air. Wb. 1356, 1407.

page 68 note 3

My pupil I. Gershevitch thinks prβ’r should be derived from prβyr-. It is true that “explanation, announcement” fits most passages better than “chariot” Hence, Mahāyāna rendered as “the great announcement”?.

page 68 note 4

See above, E 9–10; cf. pδ’rβ-, P 2, 1163, and Sogdica, p. 57.

page 68 note 5

Cf. zyt- BBB., 105 (on f 78); Saka ysän- ysät-, etc.

page 68 note 6

‘ngyrf[ ? Hardly ‘ngyrδ[. If –p[, from ham-k∂hrp-, cf. MPers. hārn-hannām.

page 68 note 7

Cf. Npers, . dāman, Yidgha avlānd, Morgenstierne, IIFL., II, 194Google Scholar.

page 69 note 1

Hardly ywxt]yy or fsyt]yy (it should be ywxtyt), etc.

page 69 note 2

Possibly šxy(w), but not šxww.

page 69 note 3

Enoch, 17,1: θέλωσιν φααίνίνίαι ωσεί ανθρωποι. pts‘δ, cf. Skt. praticchanda-.

page 69 note 4

viz. the human associates of the demons, esp. the “daughters of men”.

page 69 note 5

viz. the giants and their children ? Or merely the children of the giants ? See below, S. According to Syncellus (apud Fl.-R., p. 25) there were three generations: (1) the giants, (2) the Nephīlīm, their sons, and (3) the Eliud, their grandsons. In the Book of Enoch the giants are killed, or rather incited to kill each other, before the Egrēgoroi are punished (ch. 10). Their spirits shall roam the world, until the day of judgment, as πνεύμαία πονηρα (15,8–16,1).

page 69 note 6

This passage shows that the Sogdian text had been translated from either Middle-Persian or Parthian (MPers. ky myhryzd ‘c nwx ‘wyš’n r’y wyn’rd bwd, Parthian ky w’d jywndg ‘c nwx hwyn wsn’d wyr’št bwd).

page 69 note 7

‘nδyk probably = skill, art, ability (differently, BBB., p. 105).

page 69 note 8

See above, A 97.

page 69 note 9

Fairly cursive, difficult to read.

page 69 note 10

Probably by assimilation from Šamšai (= Šimšai in Ezra).

page 70 note 1

Read: cnn δmwmh wδwh ‘δw?? Or: cnn hmpmh, etc. The word δβ’ impnh (etc.) cannot possibly be fitted in. One naturally expects: … cnn ⃜ ϒypδ δβ’ mpnh.

page 70 note 2

Short for ”z’yt’yt ϒnt; apparently not: ”z’yt’nt.

page 70 note 3

See above, 6 28–9, and below, text M. According to Enoch, ch. 8, the fallen angels imparted to mankind unholy arts and undesirable knowledge, e.g. astrology, cosmetics, soothsaying, metallurgy, production of weapons, even the art of writing (ch. 69, 9).

page 71 note 1

Copyist’s mistake (read: pṯymṯy).

page 71 note 2

Presumably the stellar demons.

page 71 note 3

Cf. JRAS., 1942, 232 n. 6.

page 71 note 4

If Mani’s famous Ertenk was indeed a picture-book, this Vifrās may well have been the explanatory text published together with it; cf. Polotsky’s suggestion, Man. Hom., 18, n. 1, on Mani’s είκων (but see BBB., pp. 9 sq.). There is no reason for “identifying” the Ertenk with Mani’s Evangelion (Schaeder, Gnomon, 9, 347). The fragments of the Vifrās (M 35, M 186, M 205, M 258, M 740, T ii K, T iii D 278) will be published at some other opportunity.

page 72 note 1

The point is that A eats or kills B, after B had finished C. A man killed his brother over the treasure, but was killed by a third party, etc. The Great Fire will devour the bodily fire which had swallowed the “exterior fire”. Hence, Ohya killed Leviathan, but was killed by Raphael.

page 72 note 2

, St.Wikander, Vayu, I [1941], 166Google Scholar, quotes my article on Enoch, and my paper in ZDMG., 1936, p. 4, and remarks that eigentuemlicherweise I had forgotten Al-Ghaḍanfar’s notice on Sām and Narīmān. Less careless readers will find Ghaḍanfar’s notice quoted in extenso on the page cited by Wikander.

page 73 note 1

See above, A 98.

page 73 note 2

Cf. above, A 105 sqq.

page 73 note 3

Presumably the number of years supposed to have passed from the time of Enoch to the beginning of the reign of Vištāsp. The date for Enoch was probably calculated with the help of the Jewish world-era, or the mundane era of Alexandria (beginning 5493 B.C.), or by counting backwards from the Deluge. Taking 3237 B.C. (but 3251 B.C. according to the Coptic chronology) as the date of the Deluge (see Taqizadeh, S. H., BSOS., X, 122, under c), and adding 669 (= from Enoch’s death to the Deluge according to the Hebrew Genesis), and subtracting the number in our fragment, 3,28[8 ?], from 3,237 + 669 = 3,906, the resulting date, 618 B.C., agrees perfectly with the traditional Zoroastrian date for the beginning of Vištāsp’s reign (258 + 30 years before Alexander’s conquest of Persia, 330 B.C.; cf. Taqizadeh,127 sq.). From this one may infer that the famous date for Zoroaster: “258 years before Alexander” was known to Mani (Nyberg, Rel. Alt. Iran, 32 sqq., thinks it was invented towards the beginning of the fifth century).Google Scholar

page 73 note 4

The name is possibly to be restored in Tūrk. Man., III, p. 39, No. 22, R 5, where wy. t’δ lp was read by LeCoq.Google Scholar

page 73 note 5

In quoting this text in ZDMG., 90, p. 5, I took wyjn for what it seemed to be, viz. Vēžan. But as the appearance of Bēžan in connection with Vištāspa is incomprehensible, I have now restored [‘ry’]n wyjn, see above, G 26.

page 74 note 1

For the spelling, cf. ktodws apud Theodore bar Kōnay.

page 74 note 2

‘mwst = amwast = believer, faithful (not “sad”!), from hmwd-, Arm. havat-.

page 74 note 3

The lines 3,4 and 14,15 are possibly complete.

page 74 note 4

Hardly “food” or “banquet” ? Cf. Parth. ‘ωχγη, etc. Also Budd. Sogd. ‘ωуγ- (‘ωу’γ-) Impf. ω’уγ-, Inf. ‘ωу’ωγτ, etc.) “to abandon” (SCE., 562; Dhuta, 41; P 2, 97, 219; P 7, 82; etc., appears to be of no use here.

page 74 note 5

Cf. NPers. jehāniyān.

page 74 note 6

Cf. Vd., ii, 20 ? But the Manich. fragment appears to describe the election of Yima to the sovereignty over the world.

page 74 note 7

Cf. BSOS., X, 102, n. 4.

page 74 note 8

šyrn’m is a karmadharaya, = acclamation(s), cheering, cf. e.g. Rustam frg. (P 13, 5) prw BBkw šyrn’m “with loud cheers” it should not be confused with the bahuvrīhi šyrn’m’k “wellreputed, famous” (e.g. Reichelt, ii, 68, 9; šyrn’m’y, ibid., 61, 2, cf. BBB., 91, on a 11). But šym’m is also“(good) fame”, see e.g. V.J., 156, 168, 1139.

page note 4

Hardly “food” or “banquet” ? Cf. Parth. ‘ωχγη, etc. Also Budd. Sogd. ‘ωуγ- (‘ωу’γ-) Impf. ω’уγ-, Inf. ‘ωу’ωγτ, etc.) “to abandon” (SCE., 562;; Dhuta, 41; P 2, 97, 219; P 7, 82; etc., appears to be of no use here.

page note 5

Cf. NPers. jehāniyān.

page note 6

Cf. Vd., ii, 20 ? But the Manich. fragment appears to describe the election of Yima to the sovereignty over the world.

page note 7

Cf. BSOS., X, 102, n. 4.

page note 8

page2image616625776

Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Herausgegeben von Martin Hengel und Peter Schäfer

page4image542656416

Loren T. Stuckenbruck

The Book of Giants from Qumran

Texts, Translation, and Commentary

Mohr Siebeck

page5image542747216

Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Stuckenbruck, Loren T.:

The book of giants from Qumran : texts, translation, and commentary / Loren T. Stuckenbruck. – Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 1997

(Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum ; 63) ISBN 3-16-146720-5

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems.

The book was typeset by ScreenArt in Wannweil using Times typeface, printed by Guide- Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper from Papierfabrik Niefern and bound by Heinr. Koch in Tübingen.

ISSN 0721-8753

page6image616725600

for Otto Betz
in honour of his 80th birthday

8. June 1997

page8image542903312

Preface

The Book of Giants has long been known as a work which circulated among the Manichaeans as a composition attributed to Mani. Thus the condemnation of the “Liber de Ogia nomine gigante ” as an “apocryphus ” in the Decretum Gelasianum (perhaps 6th century) may presuppose a claim relating to its Manichaean origins. However, a case for its existence prior to Mani was made by the important Huguenot scholar, Isaac de Beauso- bre in 1734 (vol. 1 of his Histoire critique de Manichèe et du Manicheìsme, p. 429 n. 6, cited by W. B. Henning in “The Book of the Giants”, BSOAS 11 [1943-1946] p. 52). De Beausobre inferred that Mani must have drawn upon at least two mauvais sources: a “Book of Enoch ” and a further writ- ing which the 9th-century chronographer Georgius Syncellus had de- scribed as T]ypacpri xcòv yiyavxcov. The latter work was, in turn, said to have been discovered after the flood by a certain Katvav (Noah’s great- grandson according to LXX Gen. 10:24) who subsequently “hid it away for himself” (see Alden A. Mosshammer, Georgii Syncelli Ecloga chrono- graphica [Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneri- ana; Leipzig: Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, 1984] p.90: eicpmj/e Ttap’ èauxcò). Whether or not Syncellus’ comment was influenced by Jubilees 8:4 (or a later version thereof) at this point, the explicit mention of “The Book of the Giants” without, at the same time, there being any reference or allusion to Mani or Manichaeism may be significant: it is possible that the nomenclature in Syncellus ultimately has its roots in the existence of an independent source whose precise content was no longer known to him.

During the course of the 20th century a number of finds have shed considerable light on the literary evidence for the Book of Giants. The discoveries and publications of Manichaean fragments from the Book of Giants have, of course, substantiated the many references to its circulation among and use by the Manichaeans. And now, as is well known, the re- covery of manuscript fragments from Qumran Caves 1, 2, 4, and 6 have confirmed the Book of Giants as an independent Jewish composition from the Second Temple period. Whereas the Manichaean materials and possi- ble allusions to the Manichaean Book of Giants have recently been sub- jected to a timely analysis by John C. Reeves (Jewish Lore and Manichaean

page9image542899504

VIII Preface

Cosmogony. Studies in the Book of Giants Traditions [Monographs of the Hebrew Union College 14; Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1992]), the present volume takes its point of departure in the Book of Giants as an early Jewish work from the Second Temple period.

My interest in the Book of Giants was triggered ten years ago while I

was engaged in a lexical analysis of the Greek recensions to 1 Enoch (esp. ab

Codex Panopolitanus, Syncellus , and the Chester Beatty ms.) and the Enochic Aramaic fragments from Qumran in Tübingen and Heidelberg. Several years later, in the context of a doctoral seminar with Professor James H. Charlesworth at Princeton Theological Seminary, I was able to engage in an initial study of some of the published fragments which J. T. Milik had identified with the Book of Giants (The Books of Enoch [Ox- ford: Clarendon Press, 1976]). However, the possibility of any publication at that time was precluded, as analysis was frustrated by the unavailability of the pertinent photographic evidence. Of course, this situation changed dramatically with the publication and itemization of the Rockefeller col- lection (formally PAM) in 1993 by Emanuel Tov, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche (Leiden: E. J. Brill). This provided an opportunity for me – at first through the encouragement of Professor Peter Lampe at the Uni- versity of Kiel – to resurrect a dormant study and to pursue a more thor- oughgoing analysis.

It is here appropriate to stress that the investigation carried through in this book should in no way be confused with an ‘official’ publication of those Book of Giants fragments which have yet to appear in the Dis- coveries in the Judaean Desert series. For one thing, this volume as such is wider in scope in that it embraces virtually all fragments (unpublished and published) which have been related to the Book of Giants. Moreover, some features which have accompanied the publication of the Qumran fragments have not been included: most obviously, plates; measurements of the individual fragments; and, in some cases, a detailed discussion of palaeography and orthography (though these considerations are not en- tirely excluded).

It is hoped that the present study has been able to throw further light on the Book of Giants as an early Jewish document to be taken seriously in its own right. The main body of the volume – i. e. the text, English transla- tion, notes, and commentary of the relevant manuscript fragments from Qumran – is to be found in Chapter Two (pp. 41-224), with Chapter One providing an introduction to the study of the document along with a con- sideration of the milieu (provenance and date) which may be posited for the work. In order to distinguish degrees of likelihood concerning the identification of manuscript fragments with the Book of Giants (see

page10image616887328

Preface I X

p. 41), Chapter Two has been divided into two sections, the first (Part One) consisting of a study of those manuscripts which probably belonged to the work and the second (Part Two) containing a discussion of those fragments concerning which an identification with the Book of Giants is questionable. These sections are supplemented, respectively, by a Glossary for the texts covered in Part One and by an Appendix with readings and an English translation for the materials discussed in Part Two.

The research leading to this book would not have been possible without the prior work on the Book of Giants fragments by Jean Starcky and J. T. Milik. Their painstaking work with the fragments, which is reflected inter alia by the progressively improved arrangements of them on the photo- graphs, have often provided a starting point for reconstructions which I have proposed. In addition, I have benefited significantly from the scho- larly contributions of Klaus Beyer and Florentino Garcia Martinez (espe- cially on the Qumran fragments) and of W. B. Henning, Werner Sunder- mann, and John C. Reeves (on the Manichaean sources).

For their acceptance of this study for inclusion in the Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum series, I would like to thank Professors Martin Hengel and Peter Schäfer. Further, I am most grateful to Mr. Georg Sie- beck at J. C. B. Möhr (Paul Siebeck) in Tübingen for his kind commitment to the production of such a complicated manuscript through type-setting. In this connection, special thanks go also to Mr. Matthias Spitzner for his patient and professional oversight of the manuscript preparation.

The bulk of this book was written in the summer months of 1995, dur- ing which I was given study leave from the Department of Theology at the University of Durham, UK. In particular, I am deeply indebted to my New Testament colleagues there, Dr. Stephen C. Barton and Professor James D. G. Dunn, for their moral support (and more!) during the writing and preparation of this manuscript. Not least am I grateful for helpful discussions with Dr. Robert Hayward and Dr. Walter Moberly.

Many thanks go to my wife Lois who, as an indulgent conversation partner, has patiently endured stories about the giants, their exploits, and their fate during the last several years! Together with our children, Daniella and Hanno, she has been an unfailing source of inspiration.

Finally, I would like to dedicate this volume to Otto Betz, Professor at the Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, on the occasion of his 80th birthday (8. June 1997). During a period of study in Tübingen (1986- 1988) I found myself frequently stimulated and informed by his interest in the literature of Early Judaism. His contributions to the fields of New Testament and Early Judaism have over the years represented high aca- demic achievement. This has not prevented him from tirelessly devoting

page11image616753616

X Preface
himself to the encouragement of young scholars in both Germany and

abroad. Many – not least myself – shall remain in his debt.
Easter 1997 Loren T. Stuckenbruck

page12image542907184

Preface Abbreviations

Table of Contents

Chapter One

Introduction

VII XIII

Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran … 1
1. The Work of J. T. Milik (1971 and 1976) 1
2. Research Subsequent to Milik 4 1. 1976-1992 4 2. 1991 to the Present 8 3. The Purpose of the Present Volume 10
An Investigation into the Sequencing of the
Qumran Book of Giants Fragments 11
1. The Significance of the Problem 11
2. Synoptic Comparison of Three Reconstructions 13
3. Proposed Sequence of the

Qumran Book of Giants Fragments

III.The Character of the Qumran Book of Giants A. Its Relation to the Book of Watchers
B. Distinguishing Characteristics of Qumran BG

IV Date
V. Provenance and Purpose

Chapter Two

24 24 25

28 31

The Book of Giants and the Qumran
Part One: Materials Belonging to the Qumran Book of Giants … 41 1Q23 = lQGiants” 43

Fragments

page13image617438432

XII

Table of Contents

1Q24 = lQGiants* 2Q26 = 2QGiants 4Q203 = 4QEnGiantsa

6QGiants 196

6Q8 =

4QEnGiantsè
4QEnGiantsc
4QEnGiants«/ 178 4QEnGiantse 185

4Q530 =
4Q531 =

4Q532
4Q556 =
4Q206 2-3 = 4QEnochi’ 191

Part Two: Manuscripts Whose Identification with
the Book of Giants is Unlikely 214

4Q534 = 4QElect of God 214 4Q535 and 4Q536 217 6Q14 = 6QApoc ar 219 1Q19 = lQBook of Noah 11, 13, 15 219 4Q533 = 4QGiants or Pseudo-Enoch ar 221 4Q537 = 4QApocryphon of Jacob ar 222

Appendix: Texts and Translations of Documents which have
not been assigned to the Qumran Book of Giants 225

4Q534 225 4Q535 228 4Q536 229 6Q14 231 1Q19 11, 13, 15 232 4Q533 233 4Q537 237

Glossary (for Texts Probably Belonging to the Book of Giants) 243 Bibliography 255

Index of Passages 263 Index of Subjects 280 Index of Modern Authors 288

59 63 66

100 141

page14image627113328

Abbreviations

(excluding the Qumran documents; for sigla, see pp. 20-21,42-43,243)

1 Chron.

1 En.

1 Kgs.

1 Macc.

2 Sam.

3 Macc.

ABD

acc.
act.
Ant.
Aq. Aram. ATTM ATTMEB

b. (before rabbinic text)

Bell.Jud.

BETL BG
Bib Bibl.Heb. BibZeit BSOAS c.Apion CBQ

Clem.Rec.

Cod.Pan. col.,cols. CRINT Dam. Doc. Dan. Deut. Dictionary

Dictionary of JPA

1 Chronicles

1 Enoch

1 Kings

1 Maccabees

2 Samuel

3 Maccabees
David Noel Freedman, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary
(6 vols.)
accusative
active
Josephus, Antiquitates
Aquila
Aramaic
Klaus Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer
Klaus Beyer, Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Ergänzungsband
Babylonian Talmud
J.T. Milik, The Books of Enoch. Aramaic Fragments of Qumrän Cave 4
Josephus, Bellum Judaicorum
Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium
Book of Giants
Biblica
Biblical Hebrew
Biblische Zeitschrift
Bulletin of the School of Oriental African Studies
Josephus, contra Apionem
Catholic Biblical Quarterly
Cairo Genizah Damascus Document
Clementine Recognitions
Codex Panopolitanus
column, columns
Compendium rerum iudaicarum ad novum testamentum Damascus Document
Daniel
Deuteronomy
Marcus Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Ba- bli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature
Michael Sokoloff, Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic

Judaicae

page15image627114704

XIV

Abbreviations

DISO

DJD

DSSE
DSS on Microfiche

DSST DSSU Enoch

EstBib

Eth.

ETL

Exod. Ezek. FE

fem.
fig.
frgt., frgt.’s F R L A N T

GCS
Gen.
Grk.
Hab.
Heb. Henochbuch HSM

HSS

HTR
HUCA Imp.Aram. impf.
impv.
infin.
Isa.
itpa.
Jas.
JBL
Jewish Lore

JJS

JSHRZ

JStJud Jub. Judg. KAI

1.,11.

Charles-R. Jean and Jacob Hoftijzer, Dictionnaire des in- scriptions sémitiques de Touest
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
Geza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1995) Emanuel Tov, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche: A Comprehensive Facsimile Edition of the Texts from the Ju- daean Desert (1993)

Florentino Garcia Martinez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Trans- lated. The Qumran Texts in English (1994)
Robert Eisenman and Michael Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered

Michael A. Knibb with Edward Ullendorf, The Ethiopie Book of Enoch (2 vols.)
Estudios Biblicos
Ethiopie

Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses

Exodus
Ezekiel
Robert Eisenman and James Robinson, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls
feminine
figure
Fragment, fragments
Forschungen zur Religion und
Neuen Testaments
Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller
Genesis
Greek
Habakkuk
Hebrew
Siebert Uhlig, Apokalypsen: Das äthiopische Henochbuch Harvard Semitic Monographs
Harvard Semitic Studies
Harvard Theological Review
Hebrew Union College Annual
Imperial Aramaic
imperfect
imperative
infinitive
Isaiah
itpa”el
James
Journal of Biblical Literature
John C. Reeves, Jewish Lore in Manichaean Cosmogony. Stu- dies in the Book of Giants Traditions

Journal of Jewish Studies

Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit

Journal for the Study of Judaism Jubilees

Judges
Herbert Donner and Wolfgang Röllig, Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften (3 vols.)

line, lines

Literatur

des Alten und

page16image633151344

Lev.
LXX
m. (before rabbinic text) Man.
masc.
MBG
Mid.Pers.
Midrash
Mk.
MP AT

ms.,mss. MT
n.
Neh. Neof. Nid.

no.

New Schurer

NRSV

NTS

obj. OBO OTP

p.,pp.
Palm.
PAM
pass.
PEQ
perf.
pers.
plur. Praep.Evang. pron.

Prov.
Ps.
PTA
ptc. PVTG QumApoc

rel.pron.

RevBib RevQum RHR SBL SBLMS SBLRBS SBLTT SBT

Leviticus
Septuagint
Mishnah
Manichaean
masculine
Manichaean Book of Giants Middle Persian

Midrash of Shemhazai and ‘Aza’el

Abbreviations

X V

Mark
Joseph A. Fitzmyer and Daniel J. Harrington, A Manuel of Palestinian Aramaic Texts
manuscript, manuscripts
Masoretic tradition
note
Nehemiah
Targum Neofyti
Niddah
number
Emil Schurer, The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ, eds. Geza Vermes, Martin Goodman, and Fergus Millar (3 vols., 1973-1987)
New Revised Standard Version
New Testament Studies
object
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis
James H. Charlesworth, ed., Old Testament
(2 vols., 1983-1985)
page, pages
Palmyrene
Palestinian Archaeological Museum
passive
Palestinian Exploration Quarterly
perfect
person
plural
Eusebius, Praeparatio
pronominal
Proverbs
Psalms
Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen
participle
Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece
Florentino Garcia Martinez, Qumran and Apocalyptic. Stu- dies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran
relative pronoun
Revue Biblique
Revue de Qumran
Revue de fhistoire des religions
Society of Biblical Literature
Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series
Society of Biblical Literature: Resources for Biblical Study Society of Biblical Literature: Texts and Translations
Studies in Biblical Theology

Evangelica

Pseudepigrapha

page17image633154960

XVI

Sem

sing.

Sib. Or.
Sir.
STDJ
subj.
subst.
suff.
SVTP
Sym.
Syn.
Syr.
T.Levi T.Naph. T.Reub.
Tg. Onq.
Tg. Ps.-Jon. Theod. ThRund ThStud

Tob. Tools

TSAJ v.,w.

VetTest Wsd.Sol. WUNT

ZDMG Zebah. ZNW

Abbreviations

Sources chrétiennes

Semitica

singular

Sibylline Oracles
Sirach
Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah
subject
substantive
suffix
Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha
Symmachus
Georgius Syncellus
Syriac
Testament of Levi
Testament of Naphtali
Testament of Reuben
Targum Onqelos
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
Theodotion
Theologische Rundschau
Theological Studies
Tobit
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publica- tions and Tools for Study (1990)
Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum
verse, verses

Vêtus Testamentum Wisdom of Solomon

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchung zum Neuen Testament

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Zebahim
Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

page18image633178800

Chapter One

Introduction

I. Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran A. The Work of J. T. Milik (1971 and 1976)

One of the enduring contributions of J. T. Milik’s studies of the Aramaic fragments of Enochic works discovered in the caves near Qumran has

1 See Milik, The Books of Enoch. Aramaic Fragments of Qumrân Cave 4 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), esp. pp.4, 6-7, 57-58, 230, 236-38, and 298-339 (hereafter, BE). Milik’s presentation here brought together the results of studies which he had published several years earlier: “Turfan et Qumran: Livre des géants juif et manichéen”, in eds. Gert Jeremias, Heinz-Wolfgang Kuhn, and Hartmut Stegemann, Tradition und Glaube. Das frühe Christentum in seiner Umwelt (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971) 117-27 and “Problèmes de la littérature hénochique à la lumière des fragments araméens de Qumrân”, HTR 64 (1971) 333-78, esp. pp. 366-72.

2 Based on the fragments found during the early part of this century in the Turfan basin of Chinese Turkestan, Henning began to give attention to the Manichaean BG in “Ein manichäisches Henochbuch”, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wis- senschaften in Berlin, Phil.-Hist. Klasse (Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1934) 3- 11 and “Neue Materialien zur Geschichte des Manichäismus”, ZDMG 90 (1936) 1-18, esp. pp. 2-6. Henning then published a number of BG-related fragments – the most important in Middle Persian, Uygur, Parthian, Coptic, and Sogdian – in “The Book of Giants”, BSOAS 11 (1943-1946) 52-74 (hereafter “Book of Giants”). The Mid. Pers. fragments are catalogued by Mary Boyce in A Catalogue of the Iranian Manuscripts in Manichaean Script in the German Turfan Collection (Deutsche Akademie der Wis- senschaften zu Berlin, Institut für Orientforschung, 45; Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1960) no. 101 (p. 9). To Henning’s collection of texts, Boyce adds some Parthian citations on the first of a double sheet (ibid., no. 813 I, p. 55; cf. p. 147). See further, Hans-Joachim Klimkeit, “Der Buddha Henoch: Qumran und Turfan”, Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 32 (1980) 371 n. 21.

been the identification of materials from the lost Book of Giants (BG). The “discovery” of this early Jewish writing was for Milik based on two primary observations. On the one hand, a number of manuscripts from Cave 4 refer to the ante-diluvian patriarch “Enoch” (e. g. 4Q203, 4Q206, 4Q530, 4Q531) but preserve contents not found in any part of Ethiopic or 1 Enoch or one of its surviving Greek recensions. On the other hand, and

page19image650747232

2 Introduction

perhaps even more significant, is that some of these and other Qumran

materials were seen to preserve details which are paralleled in later sources:

most notably, in extant fragments of the Manichaean Book of Giants pub-

lished by W. B. Henning2 (and now also by Werner Sundermann3) and in a

Until quite recently, however, the fragments of the Qumran BG have

not been the object of the sustained discussion that scholars have devoted

to the other materials presented in Milik’s study. Several reasons for this

neglect may be identified. First, the western world has known about Ethio-

pic Enoch through text and translation since the early 19th century,5

whereas the Manichaean BG fragments were not published until 1943

6
(by Henning). Due to the relative novelty of the latter as well as the

area of study it represented, students of Early Judaism were not as well positioned to evaluate critically this aspect of Milik’s work.

Second, on first glance the Qumran BG fragments would appear to have formed but a tangential part of Milik’s main focus on the Aramaic fragments corresponding to the 1 Enoch corpus (Book of the Watchers = ch.’s 1-36; Astronomical Book, cf. ch.’s 72-82; Book of Dreams – ch.’s

3 See Sundermann, Mittelpersische und partische kosmogonische und Parabeltexte der Manichaer (Berliner Turfantexte, 4; Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1973) 76-78 (esp. “M 5900”) and “Ein weiteres Fragment aus Manis Gigantenbuch”, in Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin emerito oblata (Acta Iranica, 23 and Second Series, 9; Leiden: Brill, 1984) 491-505 (esp. Frgt. “L”); see further p. 200 and John C. Reeves, “Utnapishtim in the Book of Giants?”, JBL 112 (1993) 114 n. 17. The most important recent study of the Manichaean BG sources is now Reeves’ published dissertation, Jewish Lore in Mani- chaean Cosmogony. Studies in the Book of Giants Traditions (Monographs of the Hebrew Union College, 14; Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1992), hereafter Jewish Lore.

4 For an initial text with translation based on 4 medieval Hebrew mss. (provisionally collated), see Milik, BE, pp. 321-31 and 338-39. Milik hypothesizes that the Midrash is an adaptation of the Manichaean BG and attributes it to R. Joseph bar Hiyya (d. 333 C. E.) because he is mentioned as the story-teller at the beginning. The significance of the Midrash for Qumran BG becomes more apparent if Milik’s thesis of its derivation is questioned (as by Reeves, Jewish Lore, p. 88) and if it is regarded as another – abbre- viated and clearly later – version of the BG story.

5 The translation was initially published in 1821 by Richard Laurence, Mashafa He- nok Nabiy, The Book of Enoch the prophet (Oxford: Univ. Press), while an edition of the Ethiopic ms. (Oxford Bodleian no. 4) was not published until 1838 by Laurence, Mashafa Henok Nabiy, Libri Enoch prophetae versio Aethiopica (Oxford: Univ. Press). Previous to this corresponding Enoch materials in Greek had been known through the Chronography of Georgius Syncellus (808-810 C. E.), which had been edited by Joseph Juste Scaliger in 1606 and J. A. Fabricius in 1703 and 1722 (cf. Milik, BE, pp. v-vi); this material and ms. evidence from Greek recensions published near the end of the 19th century (esp. a tachygraph for 89:42^19; Codex Panopolitanus for 1:1-32:6; and the Chester Beatty Papyrus for 97:6-104:13; 106:1-107:3) have been conveniently gathered by Matthew Black, Apocalypsis Henochi Graece (PVTG, 3; Leiden: Brill, 1970) 3^44.

6 See n. 2.

Jewish writing designated the Midrash of Shemhazai and ‘Aza’el.

page20image627663232

I. Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran 3

83-90; and the so-called Epistle of Enoch = ch.’s 91-107). And yet, Milik’s interpretation of the Enochic fragments made the BG material all the more integral to his edition. Noting the absence at Qumran of fragments belonging to the Similitudes (1 En. 37-71) and, on palaeographical grounds, the incorporation of some fragments of BG within a manuscript containing portions of 1 Enoch (4Q203-204), Milik argued that Simili- tudes was a Christian composition from the late 3rd century C. E. Corre- spondingly, he proposed that BG originally belonged to a pentateuchal Enoch corpus and, due to its use in Manichaean circles, was eventually

7
replaced by Similitudes in the collection. This controvesial hypothesis,

which downplayed the significance of Similitudes as an illuminative back-

ground for the use of “son of man” in the New Testament, sparked con-

siderable debate. As a result, references to the Qumran BG by reviewers of

Milik’s study have been frequently absorbed into their critique of his dat-

A third, and without doubt the most important, reason for the lack of attention shown to the BG fragments from Qumran is that Milik’s pub- lication of the material was conspicuously incomplete. While he did pro- vide re-readings for some fragments of previously published materials

9
from other caves (1Q23, 2Q26, and 6Q8), of the five manuscripts he

ascribed to BG he limited a full publication with plates to only one manu-

script (4QEnGiantsa)10 while offering a number of readings and restora-

ft c e n
tions for three others (4QEnGiants ‘ – ). Admittedly, Milik probably

had good reason for not including all the BG fragments. Aside from the simple difficulty of producing too large a volume, the manuscripts 4QEn- Giants^ d•e had all been assigned to Jean Starcky for official publication. Whatever the case, however, as long as the photographic evidence for these

7 So Milik, BE, pp.4, 54, 57, 76-79, 91-106, 109, 183-84, 227, and 310. See also idem, “Littérature hénochique” 373-78 (bibl. in n. 1).

8 See, e. g., the reviews and articles referring to Qumran BG by F. F. Bruce, PEQ 109 (1976/77) 134; Devorah Dimant, “The Biography of Enoch and the Books of Enoch”,VetTest 33 (1983) 16-17; Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “Implications of the New Enoch Literature from Qumran”, ThStud 38 (1977) 338-39; T. W. Franxman, Bib 58 (1977) 434-35; George W. E. Nickelsburg, CBQ 40 (1978) 412; James A. Sanders, JBL 97 (1978) 446; Rudolf Schnackenburg, BibZeit 22 (1978) 133; Michael E. Stone, “Apocalyptic litera- ture”, in ed. idem, Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period (CRINT, 2; Assen/ Philadelphia: Van Gorcum/Fortress Press, 1984) 397-98; James C. Vanderkam, “Some Major Issues in the Contemporary Study of 1 Enoch: Reflections on J. T. Milik’s The

Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumrän Cave 4″, Maarav 3 (1982) 93-94.

9 BE, pp. 300-303, 309-310, 334-35; on p. 309, Milik suggests that 1Q24 may also have belonged to BG.

10 Ibid., pp. 310-17, Plates XXX-XXXII (but without phot, for Frgt. 1). ” Ibid, pp. 236-38, 303-308.

ing of the Similitudes.

page21image633056592

4 Introduction

fragments was generally inaccessible, most specialists in the field were in no position to venture independent analyses without, to a large degree, having to rely on the information supplied by Milik. It is thus likely that such less than ideal conditions inhibited the assessment of the Qumran

Subsequent to Milik’s edition of the Qumran Enoch materials, BG was recognized as an independent work, and references to vocabulary, texts, and ideas from its fragments were soon included in several publications. Whereas Michael A. Knibb, unlike Milik, made limited use of BG in his

BG as an early Jewish document in its own right.

B. Research Subsequent to Milik

1. 1976-1992

13
Uhlig reserved an appendix for a German translation of BG fragments

1978 edition of the Ethiopic manuscripts of 1 Enoch,

in 1984 Sieberg

14
both texts and translation of some BG fragments after Milik were Joseph

in his translation and study of the same.

The first, however, to present

A. Fitzmyer and Daniel J. Harrington in their A Manual of Palestinian 15

Aramaic Texts (1978). In the same year, Michael Sokoloff published a largely philological evaluation of Milik’s edition; here he incorporated some of the BG fragments from Milik’s clearer readings in a glossary, in

Despite the impediments described in section I. A above, several scho- lars have managed to make significant contributions to the study of the Qumran BG; they are Klaus Beyer, Florentino Garcia Martinez, and John

12 This no doubt accounts, e.g., for the very cursory discussion of Qumran BG among Heb.-Aram. Jewish “Prophetic-Apocalyptic Pseudepigrapha” by Geza Vermes in the revised edition of Emil Schürer, The history of the Jewish people in the age of Jesus Christ, eds. Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar, and Martin Goodman (3 vols.; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1973-1987) III. 1, pp. 254-5 (hereafter New Schürer). More informative is the brief discussion of BG by Nickelsburg, “The Bible Rewritten and Expanded”, in ed. Michael E. Stone, Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period (CRINT 2/2; Assen/ Philadelphia: Van Gorcum/Fortress Press, 1984) 95-97 (hereafter “The Bible Rewritten”).

13 So Knibb and Edward Ullendorf, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch. A New Edition in the Light of the Aramaic Dead Sea Fragments (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978) vol. 2, pp. 10 and 193-95, where 4QEnGiants” Frgt.’s 9 and 10 are considered for their possible relationship to 1 En. 84:2-4,6.

14 Uhlig, Apokalypsen: Das äthiopische Henochbuch (JSHRZ 5/6; Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1984) 455-58 (hereafter Henochbuch).

15 Published in Rome by the Pontifical Biblical Institute (hereafter MPAT); see

i, f

which he proposed a few lexical and morphological corrections.

pp. 68-79 (2Q26 and selected portions of 4QEnGiants” the more certain vocabulary is included in the glossary.

, 1Q23, and 6Q8), from which

16 Sokoloff, “Notes on the Aramaic Fragments of Enoch from Qumran Cave 4”, Maarav 1 (1978-1979) 197-224.

page22image699472784

I. Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran 5

C. Reeves. It is appropriate, then, that the scope, purpose, and contribu- tion of their respective publications are briefly outlined and reviewed.

In his monumental work on Die aramäischen Texte vom Toten Meer 17

(1984), Beyer presented the BG fragments in his attempt to collect “alle aramäischen Texte, die vom 2. Jh. v. Chr. bis zum 7. Jh. n. Chr. in Palästina abgefaßt wurden und in Niederschriften ihrer Zeit erhalten sind.”18 Therein Beyer not only included BG among his independent read-

19
ings and translation of all these texts, but also incorporated his lexico-

graphical and morphological analyses of all vocabulary items in a glossary

6Q14 (Aram.) and from 1Q19 (Heb.) may have belonged to BG as well. (3) Beyer attempted to arrange the fragmentary BG texts into a coherent order which reflects how the work may have been structured (see section II. B below). (4) Beyer has interpreted Hebraisms in the language of the texts and 1Q19 as indications that BG was originally composed in Hebrew

at the end of the work.
provided stimulus for later discussion in four main ways: (1) In several instances he suggested readings and reconstructions which differed from those of Milik, even for some fragments for which no photographs were available (esp. 4Q530 ii, 1.3-iii, 1.10 and 4Q531 17). (2) In addition to the manuscripts Milik had assigned to BG, Beyer suggested that fragments of

22
and Hobabish betray a Babylonian provenance.

In the case of the Qumran BG fragments Beyer

during the 3rd century B. C. E.,
In 1987, BG was treated by Garcia Martinez in his review of Qumran

while the names of the giants Gilgamesh 23

17 Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1984 (hereafter ATTM). 18 ATTM, p. 21.
19 For BG, see ibid., pp. 258-68.
20 Ibid., pp. 499-763.

21 See ibid., pp. 229, 259, and 268. Unlike Milik, who had considered up to 11 mss. for inclusion in BG, Beyer thus ended up with 13; see this section below.

22 Beyer is also of the opinion that the other Enoch writings found at Qumran were also composed in Hebrew. Thus he maintains that BG is “das jüngste Stück des heb- räischen Henoch” (ibid., p. 259). Concerning the difficulties of assigning 1Q19 to BG, see Chapter Two, Part Two below.

23 Ibid.

24 Garcia Martinez, “Estudios qumränicos (1975-1985): Panorama critico (I)”, Est- Bib 45 (1987) 175-92.

25 Subtitled Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran (STDJ, 9; Leiden: Brill, 1992) 97-115 (“The Book of Giants”), hereafter QumApoc.

materials published between 1975 and 1985,
lish translation he updated as an independent chapter for a collection of essays entitled Qumran and Apocalyptic,25 Here Garcia Martinez provides an overview of critical problems involved in interpreting Qumran BG and

a discussion which in Eng-

page23image659195920

6 Introduction
comments on the contents of each of the more clearly identifiable manu-

bde scripts mentioned by Milik (1Q23, 2Q26, 6Q8, 4QEnGiants”‘ • – , and

i 26
4QEnoch’ 2-3). After devoting a brief section to the Manichaean

sources, he then attempts to arrange some of the Qumran fragments into a sequence which differs from that suggested by Beyer. His comments in these sections demonstrate a methodical consideration of criteria for

which a broad outline of events may be derived.

Finally, he discusses

provenance and date, proposing an origin among Essene circles sometime

during the middle of the 2nd century B. C. E. after the composition of

28
Daniel. Garcia Martinez’ treatment is well balanced and remains

throughout aware of problems posed for interpretation by the fragmen- tary nature of the evidence as well as their incomplete publication.

The study by Reeves on Jewish Lore in Manichaean Cosmogony (1992)29

consists of an analysis of BG in the later Manichaean sources. As the

Qumran BG fragments are illuminative for culling the source-critical

and traditio-historical background for Manichaean BG, Reeves devotes

his longest chapter to a running text, translation and commentary on

the Qumran fragments and relates them to parallels among the Mani-

He, too, has presented the fragments in an arrange-

chaean materials.
ment which he thinks at places is preferable to the one proposed by Beyer.

Reeves, as Beyer and Garcia Martinez before him, was of course quite

aware of the frustrating incompleteness of the pertinent manuscripts from

Qumran. This limitation aside and despite the excellence of his discussion

on the Manichaean and related sources, his treatment of the Qumran

fragments is somewhat disappointing. While one might be sympathetic

with his principled exclusion of less certain Qumran manuscripts from

26 Though Garcia Martinez questions the certainty of 4QEnGiantsf’ and 4QEnoch” 2-3 (ibid., p. 105).

27 Ibid., pp. 106-113.

28 Ibid., pp. 113-15. On this further, see section IV below and Chapter Two, under 4Q530 col. ii, 11.17-20.

29 See full bibl. in n. 3 above.
30 Jewish Lore, pp. 51-164.
31 Ibid, p. 51.
32 Reeves ends up including 4QEnoch< 2-3 under “QG2” after all, while none of the

1Q24 fragments receive further mention. Most conspicuously absent from his discus- sions concerning use of “tablet” in BG is 2Q26 (a repeated washing of “tablets” in water) which Milik had associated with the Midrash of Shemhazai and ‘Aza’el (oblitera- tions of writing on a large stone) and the Man. Mid. Pers. Frgt. j Page 2; see also his discussion of “tablets” in n.’s 291 and 306 (ibid., pp. 153-54).

consideration,
they could have contributed to his argument.
suggestions concerning the possible order of events in Qumran BG, which

it is not clear why he can ignore these fragments when

Moreover, his alternative

page24image659176752

I. Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran 7

seem unaware of Garcia Martinez’ contribution to the problem33 and rely on a questionable reading,34 are problematic at several points.

The inevitable tenuousness of the three works just reviewed rests mainly in the fact that none of them were in a position to refer to the remaining unpublished Qumran materials. Nevertheless, all three make contributions in specific areas which should be taken into account in any further study of Qumran BG.

Between 1976 and 1992, the dependence of scholars on the study of BG by Milik meant that some of his statements about the fragments were subject to conflicting interpretations. This is nowhere more true than the various construals of Milik’s frequently cited comment about the manu- script evidence itself:

Up to the present I have located six copies of the Book of Giants among the manu-

scripts of Qumran: the four manuscripts cited above (1Q23, 6Q8,4QEnGiants* ‘), a

third manuscript from the Starcky collection, and 4QEnGiants” published below.

There are also five other manuscripts too poorly represented to allow a sufficiently

certain identification of the fragments: Ene 2-3 (above, pp. 236-8), 1Q24 (DJD i,

p. 99 and pi. IX), 2Q26 (DJD iii, pp. 90-1 and pi. XVII; see below, pp. 334-5), and

What materials did Milik specifically have in view when referring to “a third manuscript from the Starcky collection” and to the “two groups of small fragments entrusted to the Starcky edition”? Since Milik does not clarify his statement any further, others have interpreted them in various ways:

two groups of small fragments entrusted to the Starcky edition.

Fitzmyer36 Beyer37

“third manuscript” 4QEnGiantsf(4Q556)

4QEnGiants</ (4Q532)

“two groups” of mss.

4QEnGiantsrf (4Q532) 4QEnGiants/ (?)

4QEnGiants/ (?) 4QEnGiants* (?)38

33 That is, Reeves is aware neither of the Spanish version of Garcia Martinez’ essay nor of Adam S. van der Woude’s review of it in “Fünfzehn Jahre Qumranforschung (1974-1988)”, ThRund 54 (1989) 259-61.

34 See ibid., p. 105. His interpretation of 4Q530 col. iii, 1.7 is bound up with his placement of 4Q530 ii-iii, 4Q531 17, 6Q8 1, and 4Q203 7Bii-8; see section //below.

35 Milik, BE, p. 309.

36 The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Toolsfor Study (SBLRBS, 20; Atlan- ta: Scholars Press, 1990) 52-53 (hereafter Tools). Fitzmyer’s construal is followed by Reeves (Jewish Lore, p. 51).

37 ATTM, pp. 259-60.

38 Beyer’s nomenclature becomes explicable if he assumes that 4QEnGiants<” has al- ready been covered by Milik’s reference to “En””‘ (= 4Q206). In any case, Beyer has rightly dropped these designations in his Ergänzungsband to ATTM (Göttingen: Van- denhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994) 119-24 (hereafter ATTMEB).

page25image659200240

8 Introduction
“third manuscript” “two groups” of mss.

Garcia Martinez39 4QEnGiants<‘ (4Q532) 4Q533 (4QGiants” ar?) 4QEnGiantsp40 (4Q556)

Without further and relevant information from someone having direct access to the sources, it was nearly impossible to proceed with sufficient clarity. Only an independent inspection of the photographs and of the designations assigned to the fragments they contain would make it possi- ble to shed light on the manuscripts to which Milik in fact referred.

2. 1991 to the Present

Apparently by the time Reeves’ monograph was submitted to the publish- ers, the publication by Robert Eisenman and James Robinson of many previously unavailable photographs of Cave 4 fragments at the end of

41 42 1991 (Facsimile Edition) was not accessible to him.

Similarly, Garcia

Martinez’ The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated (1994), an English translation

of a 1992 Spanish edition, was unable to base the texts on some of the 43

photographs. Though the Facsimile Edition was in principle significant

39 See QumApoc, pp. 104-105 and idem, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated. The Qum- ran Texts in English, translated from the 1992 Spanish edition by Wilfred G. E. Watson (Leiden: Brill, 1994) 505 (hereafter DSST). Garcia Martinez does not specifically refer to Milik’s statements about the “two groups”; the manuscripts under this column have, therefore, been inferred from his reference to materials of (for him) uncertain identifica- tion on the basis of the above publications.

40 Since in QumApoc Garcia Martinez did not provide a numerical designation for 4QEnGiantsi’, does his nomenclature under 4Q533 in DSST suggest that he is identifying the two with each other? If so, this is clearly wrong, as the ms. referred to by Milik as 4QEnGiantst’ actually corresponds to 4Q556 (designated together with 4Q557 by Garcia Martinez as 4QVisions; DSST, p. 507). Whether or not 4Q556 was rightly designated 4QEnGiantse by Milik, Garcia Martinez’ descriptions of 4Q533 and 4Q556 largely cor- respond to those in ed. Emanuel Tov with Stephen J. Pfann, The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche. Companion Volume (Leiden: Brill/IDC, 1993) 47-48 (hereafter Microfiche Companion Volume)-, eds. James H. Charlesworth et al., The Dead Sea Scrolls. Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek Texts with English Translations. Volume I: Rule of the Community and Related Documents (Tubingen/Louisville: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]/Westminster John Knox Press, 1994) 182-83 (hereafter DSS Rule); and Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (London: Penguin Books, 1995, 4th ed.) li-lii (hereafter DSSE). See further under 4Q556 in Chapter Two.

41 A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (2 vols.; Washington, D. C.: Biblical Archeology Society). The volumes contain 1785 plates of photographs taken for the Palestinian Archaeological Museum (hereafter PAM) during the late 1950’s and early 1960’s.

42 The same may be said of Reeves’ further contribution, “Utnapishtim in the Book of Giants?” (1993; bibl. in n. 3) and Ronald V. Huggins, “Noah and the Giants: A Response to John C. Reeves”, JBL 114 (1995) 103-110.

43 See DSST, p. xx.

page26image656258400

I. Research on the Book of Giants Fragments from Qumran 9

in making unpublished materials generally available for study (e. g., for the unpublished BG fragments), it had several shortcomings. For one thing, the volumes did not present an exhaustive collection all PAM photo- graphs. This would be of particular consequence in instances among some of the earlier photographs, when fragments prior to their proper analysis would sometimes appear within a random selection of such pieces. Moreover, the size of many of the photographs is reduced and can sometimes only be read with difficulty. Finally, in cases where the PAM collection contains lighter and darker developments of a negative, the Facsimile Edition most often includes only one. For this reason, it is simply precarious to base readings on these volumes alone.

Matters have, of course, improved immensely with the publications in

1993 of The Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche: A Comprehensive Facsimile

Edition of the Texts from the Judaean Desert edited by Emanuel Tov with

The first to print a text and translation for any of the unpublished BG

the collaboration of Stephen J. Pfann (hereafter DSS on Microfiche).
this point, the entire collection of Qumran materials became available for scrutiny by interested scholars. This edition, in addition to photographs from the PAM collections in Oxford (complete) and Princeton (selective), have provided the analytical basis for the present work.

manuscripts were Eisenman and Michael O. Wise (1992).
they printed for the six fragmentary pieces of 4Q532 – apparently based on the PAM photographs which appeared in the Facsimile Edition – are, however, quite misleading; their text reflects the assumption that the frag-

ments must all belong to the same lines of only one column.
then, the text of this work does not reflect a sufficiently careful analysis.

Essentially, By far the most important contribution to the study of BG since the

photographic editions appeared is contained in Beyer’s Ergänzungsband to

his ATTM (ATTMEB).

Adopting an identical format of presentation

44 Leiden: Brill/IDC. The edition is accompanied by an Inventory List of Photographs compiled by Stephen A. Reed (hereafter Microfiche Inventory) and the Microfiche Com- panion Volume (mainly a catalogue of photographs and publications corresponding to a comprehensive list of the documents) edited by Tov with Pfann (cf. n. 40 above). As is to be expected of any work which amasses such detail, there are occasional mistakes (e. g. PAM number, document alleged to be in a photograph, etc.) in both of the companion volumes. A second edition has been announced which will attempt to correct some of them.

45 The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered (Shaftesbury: Element) 94-96, without photo- graph (hereafter DSSU).

46 Except, of course, for Frgt. 1; the Frgt.’s are thought to belong to col. ii of this Frgt. See the discussion under 4Q532, Chapter Two.

47 ATTMEB, pp. 119-124 (bibl. in n. 38 above).

The readings

page27image700222560

10 Introduction

and analysis as in the earlier volume, Beyer offers texts based on the Facsimile Edition and DSS on Microfiche to 4Q532 (4QEnGiantsi/) and the remaining unpublished fragments from 4Q530 and 4Q531. In addition to a few corrections of earlier readings (see 4Q531 17 in “G 6”), Beyer has arranged some of the new materials within the sequence he proposed in ATTM (e.g., 4Q531 1 in “G 1”; 4Q531 4 in “G 10”), while he correctly reassigns 4Q530 6 (only 1.4 of which had previously been published) from

sive. His apparent aim to include the fragments containing legible vocab- ulary is, for the most part, adhered to; but it remains that in a number of cases the existence of lines are not represented in his texts51 and several

Since the PAM photographs have only recently become available, as yet no work has appeared in which all of the probable and possible Qumran BG materials have been collected, analyzed, and commented upon. In this study an attempt has been made to fill this void, based on my reading of the photographs in DSS on Microfiche and the incomplete and com- plete collections of the PAM materials at Princeton Theological Seminary and The Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies respectively.

Though this work is intended to go a long way towards an edition of the hitherto unpublished fragments, it should be remembered that it does not constitute an “official” publication of the materials: the PAM photo- graphs are not printed here, and the author himself has not worked di- rectly with the fragments and thus can provide neither a thoroughgoing analysis of the palaeography of the scripts nor a physical description of the

48 On grounds of the physical evidence, Beyer’s placement of 4Q530 6 in “G 8” – i. e. the column immediately preceding 4Q530 ii – may be questioned; cf. under 4Q530 6 in Chapter Two.

49 ATTMEB, pp. 125-27.
50 This and other such possibilities are discussed in Chapter Two, Part Two.
51 E.g. 4Q532 1 (11.1,10); 2 (11.1,2); 3 (11.1,5); 4 (1.5); 5 (11.1,3,5); 4Q531 1 (1.9); 3

(11.1,2,4); 7 (11.1,3); 8 (1.6); 10(11.1,2,4); 13(1.5); 15(1.1); 18(1.4); 20(1.1); 21 (1.4); 22 (1.1); 23 (1.1); 25 (1.5); 26 (11.1,2,4); 30 (1.2); 47 (1.1); and 48 (1.1).

52 So 4Q531 24 and 31^5; 4Q530 9-15 and 17-19. Cf. also 4Q556 1-5 and 7.

his “G 1” to a later part of the BG narrative.
BG is not limited to his section on the BG fragments. Under 4Q534- 536.561 (= siglum “E”)49 Beyer proposes that the fragments belonging to 4Q535-536, which he thinks contain an address by Enoch to the fallen

angel Baraq’el, may actually belong to BG instead.
Nevertheless, Beyer’s work falls ultimately short of being comprehen-

fragments have been either overlooked or entirely omitted.

3. The Purpose of the Present Volume

Beyer’s consideration of

page28image656248624

Index of Passages

Page numbers in italics represent citations which occur in footnotes. The italics fall out when a passage, subject, or author occurs on more than one consecutive page. Page numbers in bold indicate where a given passage is analyzed most fully.

A. Old Testament

Genesis 5

5:18-29 208
5:18 26 5:22-24 26
6-14 35
6 26
6:1-4 26, 28, 39 6:4 111 6:4(LXX) 39, 111 6:7 216

6:12 28 7:21 216 10:8-11 35 10:8-9 35 10:8 35 10:8(LXX) 39 10:9 35 11:1-9 35 14 34 14:18 34 31:40 110 33:18-34:31 29

Leviticus
16:8 78, 108 16:10 78, 108 16:26 78, 108

Numbers
13:12 147 13:33 111 13:33(LXX) 111

Judges
5:3 105

2 Samuel
9:4 147 9:5 147 17:27 147

1 Kings
20:10 181

1 Chronicles
26:5 147

Ezra

4:11 124 4:12 120 4:14 124 4:17-18 124 4:18 119 5:6-7 124 5:15 124 5:17 124

Nehemiah
8:8 119

Esther
6:1 110

Job

1:21 94-! 41:12 71

page29image672489344

264

Index of Passages

Psalms

2:2

113:2

Proverbs

8:15 31:4

Isaiah

11:4 40:23

7:22 105 7:28

94—95

Amos 2:9

105
105 Habakkuk

:10

215
105 B. New

90, 122 113

30 105

Testament

Ezekiel
1 123 1:4 40

32:27

Daniel

2:20

111

6, 122-123

5:7 40

2:31 2:34 2:38 4:7
4:9 4:10 4:10 4:10 4:10 4:13 4:14 4:17 4:18 4:20 4:20 4:20 4:23 4:24 4:30
5
5:21 6:19
7
7:4
7:8 7:9-10 7:9 7:10-11 7:10 7:11 7:12 7:13 7:14

Jewish Septuagint

30 30 30

38, 160 147

93 95 93 93 88 93 93 93

(Aq.) (Sym.) (Theod.)

5:3
5:65 7:39-50

(Theod.)

(Aq.) (Sym.) (Theod.)

James 2:18b

1 Maccabees

Sirach

143
84, 88 Tobit 84 3:15
84 5:22
84 6:3
126 6:10-18 90 8:2-3 32 9:2
90 12:12

32
94-95
150
113, 201
143
150
143
84, 88
84
84
84
84
84
84 16:7

110 12:15
31, 120, 122-123 12:16
113, 201
150 Wisdom of Solomon 24, 31, 120-121

113, 122-123, 201 120
120, 122-123
201

126
90, 122 120

Mark

C. Apocryphal the

Writings

14:6-7 38 14:6 166

page30image672645616

D. Old Testament 1 Enoch (Ethiopie)

Book of Watchers

1-36 1:1-32:6 1:2
1:3
1:5
1:9

4:1 6-16 6-11 6:2-3 6:3 6:5 6:6 6:7

Pseudepigrapha

1-4, 24-26, 37, 55, 60, 62-63, 82, 88, 92, 96, 189, 191, 205, 219, 222

(cf. also under Dead Sea Scrolls)

2, 12, 24-28, 30-31, 37, 67, 81-82, 88, 91-93, 96, 99, 108, 117-119, 133, 137, 144-145, 151-152, 191, 196

2 2 84

191-192

13
116
24, 26
26, 28, 82, 152 82
92
57
156, 208

60, 68-69, 72, 79, 82, 92, 146, 198, 217-218

9:3 9:4-11 9:4-5 9:4 9:5-6 9:5 9:6-10 9:6 9:7-9 9:7 9:8-9 9:8

9:9 9:10

9:11
10 10:1-16 10:1-3 10:1 10:2-3 10:2 10:4-5 10:4
10:5
10:7
10:8 10:9-15 10:9 10:10 10:11-19 10:11 10:12 10:15 10:16 10:17-22 10:17-19 10:17 10:18-19 10:19 10:20 10:22 12-16

12 12:1-13:10 12:2-3 12:4 12:4-6 12:5 13:1-10 13:1

13:2

94
95-97
94
96
95
96
97
79, 82, 96
92
79, 82, 92
18, 24
37, 151
27, 77, 151, 196
18, 24, 77, 89, 130, 135-137
95
18, 38, 57-58, 79 108
26
88
38
38, 219
82
79, 81
81
26, 37, 196
79, 81-82
27
38, 84, 151
26, 160
57
82, 92, 151
79, 152
38, 77, 84
38
57
57-58
38
57
75, 15, 18,24, 56-57 38
38
27-28
118
27

27, 54, 9/, 115, 119 26, 88, 97
24, 63, 100
27

ii, 18, 24, 27, 79, 100
82, 156, 196

7
7:1—4
7:1-2
7:1
7:2-5
7:2
7:3-5
7:3-4
7:3
7:4-5
7:4
7:5
8:1-3
8:1
8:2
8:3
9 25
9:1-3 97
9:1-2 220
9:1 28, 11, 93, 151, 190,

192, 194, 196, 220 9:3-4 208, 220

152
/ S
111
50, 151, 156, 196

27, 37
30, //2, 151
59, 77, 144, 151 151, 181
59, 114
18, 24
50, 59
59, 151-152 37,52,156

79,82,196

208

50, 60, 196

Old Testament

265

page31image670764896

266 Index of Passages

13:3 27 36:1 62,99 13:4-6 91, 93

13:7 27, 74

13:9 74, 133
13:10 84

14 118
14:1-7 119
14:1 84, 88, 117 14:3-7 27

14:3 84 14:4-7 93
14:4 91 14:8-25 37, 119 14:6-7 26

14:6 19
14:8-25 37
14:8 27
14:21 95
15-16 38
15 118, 152, 160 15:1-16:3 21

15:1-2 88, 91, 119

15:1 27, 117
15:2 27, 84, 97

15:3-7 91

15:3-5 26
15:3-4 151
15:4 151, 160, 196 15:8-12 27, 38, 106, 160 15:8-9 160
15:9 151
15:11 151
16:1-2 84
16:1 21, 38

16:3 37, 58-59, 91, 96,156, 196
16:4 63

16:7 63, 100 17-36 37
17:1-36:4 21, 37
20:1 84
22:3-13 93
22:3-7 191
22:6 88
24:3-4 133
28:1 134 28:3-29:2 191
29:1 134 31:2-32:3 191
32:3 133-134, 191 32:6 191 33:3-34:1 191

34:2 99

Similitudes 3, 82

37-71 3 37:1 208 39:12-13 84 40:2 84 42:3 62 54:7-10 219 60:24-25 219 61:12 84 63:2-4 95 63:2-3 94 63:3 95 65:6-11 37 66:1 2/9 69 82 69:1 37 69:2 69 69:4-14 82 69:5 151 69:6-15 37 70:3 133 71:3 37 71:7 84

Astronomical Book 2, 92, 134

72-82 72:1-82:20 76:8
76:11
11A

2
37
62, 99 62 133-134

Book of Dreams
(=Animal Apocalypse)
82:1-2 92 83-90 3
83:10 92
84 97 84:2-6 96, 98 84:2-4 4, 95-96 84:2 95 84:3-6 93

84:3 95-96
84:4 97

84:6 4, 98 86:4 112 88:2 112 88:3-89:17 191 88:6 160 89:26-30 191 89:42-49 2

2, 67

page32image672605072

89:59 90:1

Epistle of Enoch

91-107 91:15
92:1
93:2
96:6 97:6-104:13 106-107 106:1-107:3 106:1-7 106:3 106:10-12 106:10 106:12 106:13 106:14 106:15 106:17 107:2

108:1

2 Enoch

73:3-5

3 Maccabees

2:4

Jubilees

4:15 4:17-24 4:22 4:23 4:24 4:28

7:24 7:29 7:33 8:16
10 10:1-6 10:7 10:8-9 10:13 19:13 20:5 21:10 30:1-4 30:1
31 31:21-29 32:21-22 31:21 32:24-26 32:27-29 32:33 34:2-9 34:4 37:20-23 38:1-1 38:1-14 45:13

Prayer of Joseph ‘Pseudo-Eupolemus ‘

5:1
5:2
5:6
5:7-9
5:7
5:9 148 5:27-29 151
5:28 211, 215 7:1 211, 215 7:21 151

T.Levi

7:22 111-112, 152 7:23-25 151
7:23-24 190, 196

Old Testament

114 114

3, 67

84
37, 92 84
88
2
220
2
37
198
37, 208 220
220
156, 208 151 219-220 38, 151 124, 208 92

219 166

11,24, 28-30, 134, 151, 210, 216, 222-223
84, 114, 156, 208 29

77‘ 1 S1

J4S 18:2
T. Naphtali

144

219
219
134
160
160
160
160
219
223
151
219
29
223
223
224 222-223 224

222 223 223 29-30 30 199 30

223, 237

222

134
26 T.Reuben 197-198 5:6-7
151 5:6
144, 152, 220
114
29 2:3

151 219 219 219

c f under Eusebius Praep.Evang. v6

Sibylline Oracles 3 anaa

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs J

3:5

page33image672996528

268

Index of Passages

CD
ii. 17-21 ii.17-19 ii.18-19 ii. 18
ii. 19 4QDb

38 166 30
29, 84 30

Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice

4Q401
14 1.6 96

4Q403
1 1.25 96

4Q405

23 ii.ll 96 24 1.3 96

Temple Scroll
11QT 142

Thanksgiving Hymns

1QH
12.15 95

E. Philo

39 39 39 39

to 89:31 to 107:1 to 107:2

4Q206 (=4QEnoche) to 22:3-7

to 22:6
to 28:3-29:2 to 31:2-32:3 to 32:3
to 32:6
to 33:3-34:1 to 88:3-89:17 to 89:26-30

67 67 124

193

191
88, 97
191
191
133-134, 191 191
191
191
191

de Gigantibus 58-67
62-62
65

Antiquitates Judaicae 1.73
1.118
17.373 32 17.346 32

Bellum Judaicorum 2.142 32 2.159 32

contra Apionem
1.194 38

G. Dead Sea Scrolls

Community Rule

1QS 29, 67

Damascus Document 24, 29-30

F. Josephus

29
4Q204 (=4QEnoch”) 3, 25, 28, 31, 62,

1 Enoch

to 2:2 to 6:7 to 13:7 to 13:9 to 14:1 to 14:6 to 14:10

66-68, 72, 142, 220 67

68, 79, 146, 217 74
74
88, 117

166 36

4Q208 to 9:1

4Q209

to 1:3 to 4:1 to 6:6 to 6:7 to 9:1 to 9:3

4Q212

93:2 93:11

(=4QEnochb)
190, 220

(=4QEnoch*) 31, 50, 60, 68, 72 191

116

156, 208
69, 79, 146, 198, 217 77, 93, 190
94

(= 4 QEnochi)
163

163

page34image739354912

War Scroll
1QM 142

lQSb (=1QBlessings) 5.20-29

1Q19 (\QNoah Apocryphon)
1-3
1

1.2-3 2

xxi.17 xxi. 18 xxi.25-26 xxi.25

1Q23 (1 QGiants») 1+6+22

90 90 83 95

3-4, 6-7, 41-42, 43-59, 144

13, 17-19, 24, 43, 53, 56-58, 145
45
15, 58

lQIsaiah3

29, 67 lQIsaiahb 142

2.2
2.4-5
3
3.4-5
4-7 220 8
9-10
11
12
13
13.3
14
15
15.2-3
15.2
16-21 220

1Q20 (lQupGen, 142, 223-224

9.1-3 9.2 10 10.2 11

12
13 13.2 14+15 14 14.4 14.5 15 15.1-2 16+17 16 16.3 17 17.1 17.1-2 17.3 18

46 48

15, 47 47
15, 47 47

15, 48
45
46
48-49, 58 49

46
48, 49, 58
48
19, 43, 50, 182 15
49-50
15, 49-50 49-50
50
50
51

Genesis

ii. 1—7 ii.l ii.14-18 ii. 16

iii. 13
x.13 xii.13 xvi.l 1 xvii.9 xvii.16 xix.9 xix.26 xx.13-14 xxi.13 xxi.l
xxi.8 xxi.10 xxi.l 1-12 xxi. 15

Apocryphon)
37

83-84

198 211 211 90 90 90 90 90 98

116 90 224 224 134 90

215

5, 219-220 219

1+22
1+6
1
1.2
1.3-5 56
1.4 56
1.5 56
2 15, 44 3 15, 44 4 15, 45 4.1 68

208 219 208 220 220 208 220

Old

Testament

269

5 45
208, 219 6 43, 45, 56

220 7 15, 46
41, 219-221, 232 8 46
220 9+14+15 13, 15, 17-18, 21, 41, 219-221, 232 24, 37, 43, 46, 48, 232 50, 58-59, 144-147, 220, 232 152-153, 182, 190, 41, 219-221, 232 216
232 9+14+15.2 59
232 9 46-47, 4&-49, 58

43-44, 45, 56-58 43, 45, 56

page35image739761408

270 Index of Passages

19 15, 51 19.1 51

81, 86, 93, 132, 20: 203, 206, 215

1-2 65, 215 1 65
1.2 113

2 65-66
3 65-66

4Q157 (AQTgJob, Targum on Job) 41:12 71

4Q161 (AQpIsa^)
7-10 (iii.1-19) 215

7.22 215 4Q174 (AQFlorilegium)

20 20.1-4 20.4 21
22 22.1 23 24+25 24
25
26
27 27.1-2 27.2 27.4 28
29 29.1 29.2 30 30.1 31 31.1-2 31.3

(1QGiants’0)

15, 51-52 51
52
15, 52

15, 43, 52, 56 56
53
43

15, 53

53-54
54
15, 54-55
54
54
54
15, 55
14, 43, 55, 196 74, 197
55, 197
15, 55
55
15, 56
56
56

3, 6, 41, 43, 59-63 60
60
60

60-61

23
4Q180 (lQ/igei

of Creation)
4Q196 (4QTob ar*)

to 3:15

4Q197 (4QTob arh) to 6:3
to 9:2

4Q203
(4Q EnGiants*)

1-3 1

1.2 2-3

105

79 147

95 88

1, 3-4, 6-7, 11, 25. 28, 41, 66-100, 101 142, 218, 220, 228 68-70, 218

3, 13-15, 21, 66, 68-69, 70, 218 69, 198
19, 66, 69, 70 13-15, 21, 69-70, 218

69
70
67
69-72
13-15, 22, 70-74, 81, 108, 133, 146, 218

70
72
69, 72
13-15, 74-76 74
67
78
75
75
75-76, 100, 106

1Q24 1

1.3-7 1.7 1-8 2

2.1 3 3.4 4

5 5.3-4 6
6.1
6
8

8.2

1Q39 10

2Q24 4.17

2Q26

60
61 2
61
61 2.2^4 59, 61-62, 99 2.2 61 2.3 62 2.4 62 3
62
19, 24, 57, 59, 63,
100
63

(lQLiturgical Fragment) 105

3.1 3.3 3.4
4 4.1-6 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4-5 4.6

(IQNew (2QGiants)

Jerusalem) 201

3-4, 6-7, 15, 19, 22, 27, 40-41, 63-66,

page36image672411856

5+„7 i” 5-6
5
5.2-3

6
7-8
7
7A-B i-ii
7 i-ii (A+B)
7 i (A+B)
7 i (A+B).5-7
7 ii
7A 14-15,

78-79,

7A.3 96
7A.4 67, 80

7A.5-7 80 7A.5 74, 81 7A.6 80-81,

7A.7-8 7A.7 7B-8 7B

7B 7B

i-ii i

7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
7B
(7B iii) 8

8.1 8.2 8.3-5 8.3-4 8.3 8.4-5 8.4

8.5

i.l i.2-3 i.2
i.3
i.4
ii ii.2-3 ii.3 ii-8
ii

91, 95-96 85-87, 92, 98 129, 131
16

8.6 8.7-12 8.7-11 8.7-9 8.7-8 8.7 8.9-11 8.9
8.10 8.11-12 8.12-15 8.12-14 8.12-13 8.12 8.13

8.14-15 8.14 8.15 9-10

9.1-4 9.1 9.2-6 9.2 9.3 9.4—6 9.4 9.5 9.6 10

10.1 11 11 i 11 ii 12 12.2 13

13.1 13.3

4Q206 (4QEnoch*) 2-3
2

13, 22, 76-77 76
13, 77
17

75, 77, 81

132

23, 27,
81, 84, 108

92, 107

78
77, 79, 81-83
19
14, 78, 81, 131, 200, 224
78, 108
14-16, 23, 78-79, 81, 84-85, 107
67, 79, 81, 83
83-85
84, 224
84-85,
19, 84
20, 66,
23
87-88,
7
13-14,
98
13-15,
27-28,
85-86,
100, 107-108, 118-119, 131-132, 148, 169-170
88
67
88, 90, 97
26, il’
86, 129, 131, 224 87, 90
27, 84, 88, 118, 124, 193
82, 84, 86, 88, 91

77-87, 14, 78 66, 77 76-77 77-78

17, 20, 23, 66, £2, 87-93, 98,

Old Testament

111 90-91, 91, 194

92
90
92
91
89, 91 92 91-92 89, 91 93

93
90
215
92, 147
27, 88-89, 93, 95, 118

90
68, 91, 93, 148, 165 93
94, 98
4, 13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 26, 66, 94-97, 98, 156, 158, 169
94
26
95
95
94-95
94
94-96
94, 96
94
4, 13, 15, 17, 21, 24, 26, 66, 96-97, 98, 158, 169
97-98
98-99
66
62, 66
99
67
13-15, 17-18, 23-24, 99-100, 145 100
63, 100

1, 7, 41, 118, 191-196, 221

6, 28, 97, 118, 189, 192
13, 21, 25-26, 41, 186, 189, 191-192, 193-194

page37image671035600

2 7 2 Index 2.2 118, 191-192, 194

2.3 191-192, 194
3 13, 21, 41-42, 186,

189, 191-193,

194-196

3 i 191-192, 194 3 i.l 196
3 i.3 189-190

4Q213 (4QTestament 219 of Levib)

4Q214 (4QTestament of Levib) ii.2 116 4Q244 (4QPseudo 211 Danielb)

Passages

9-20 9-15 9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16 17-19 17 17.1-2 17.3-4 18

19 20 i-iii i

i.l 6 i.l 1.2—3 i.2 1.3—4 1.3 1.4 1.5 ii-iii

ii.l-iii, ii

ii.1—3

ii. 1—2 ii.l 11.2—3 ii.2

11.3-20 ii.3-6 ii.3—4 ii. 3 ii.4

ii.5-10 ii.5-6 ii.5

4Q285 (4QSerek
5.1-6 215

4Q287 215 (4 QBerakhotb)

102

138
138
138 138-139 139

139
139-140
16, 140
10, 101
140-141
140
140
101, 141
101, 141
101, 141
187
101-102, 104
23, 103-104
103
103
104
103-104
103
103, 113
103
7, 17, 19, 26-27, 42, 101, 108, 119, 199
5
10, 13-15, 17, 19, 27, 101-102, 107-108, 114,
119, 132, 134, 139, 167, 201
23, 27, 38, 86, 104-109, 132, 137, 148
104, 166
79, 105
102, 105
14-15, 73, 106-108, 120, 148, 165-166 81, 107
23, 109-112, 149 104, 107
20, 79, 104, 106 102-104, 109-110, 125, 128, 137, 163 109
124
79, 103, 106, 109-110, 124

4Q370 i.6 4Q510 5 4Q510 35.7

(4QAdmonition) 160

(4QCanticles*)
160

(4QCanticlesb) 160

4Q530
(4 QEnGiants )

1-5

6 i-ii
6 i
6 i.l-6 6 i.1-5 6 i.l
6 i.2
6 i.3—5 6 i.4

6 i.5
6 i.6—7 6 i.6
6 i.l
6 ii 7-8

1, 3^1, 6-7, 10-11, 24, 28, 41, 67-68, 77, 100-141, 166, 185-187, 202-204 101

10, 23-24, 102, 104 16, 101, 134-137 14, 16, 101
134

134
131
135-136
136
10, 18, 24, 77, 89, 97, 136-137, 139 105, 136
137
140
136-137, 164, 169 16, 101, 134
101

ha-Milkamah)

page38image310618880

ii.6-20 11.6-12 11.6 11.7-12

11.7-8 11.7

11.8-9 11.8

11.9-11 ii.9-10 11.9
11.10 11.11-12 11.11 11.12-14 ii.12 11.13-16 ii. 13—15 ii. 13 11.14-16 11.14-15 ii. 14

11.15-17 ii. 15 11.16-20 ii.16-18 11.16-17 ii. 16

ii. 17-20 11.17-19 11.17-18 ii. 17

ii. 18-22 11.18-19 ii. 18

ii. 19-20 ii. 19 ii.20-iii.3 11.20-23 11.20 11.21-iii ii.21-iii.7 ii.21-23 ii.21-22 11.21 ii.22ff.

203
93, 202

109-110
15, 19, 23, 38, 40, 42, 111, 112-115, 129-130, 132, 190, 196, 201-203, 215 114

112,114-116,130, 140, 204
140 93,115,130,187, 201-203

ii.22-24 ii.22-23 ii.23-24 ii.22 ii.23

ii.24 iii

iii.1-3 iii. 1-2 iii.2
iii. 3 iii.3-11 iii. 3-8 iii.4-11 iii.4-5 iii.4 iii.5 iii.6-10 iii.6-7 iii.6 iii.7

iii.8-9 iii.8
iii. 10-11 iii. 10

iii. 11 iii,12ff.

4Q531
(4 QEnGiants*)

1.1-9 1.1 1.2-9 1.3 1.4-5 1.4 1.6-7 1.7
1.8 1.9ff. 1.9-10 1.9

124
125, 132-133
124, 134
88, 127
127, 129, 132-133, 155
125, 127
14-15, 17, 28, 48, 86, 97, 101, 131, 133, 139, 146-147, 199
127
124
127
124, 128
127
128
24, 128-134, 156 130
108, 110, 125, 133 128, 133
130-131
130-131
127, 131
7, 17, 20, 22, 108, 127-129, 131
128
111, 129
128
129
128, 130, 140

24
1, 3^4, 6-7, 10-11,

41, 141-177, 185-186, 228
10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 37, 43, 46, 50, 59, 142-145, 152, 166, 190, 196, 216 145
144
142
144
144
143-144
144
144
143
144
145
10, 144
16, 18, 145

114 115,202

130, 201 93, 112, 113, 115

102
134
112, 120

114-115

23, 115-119, 194 117
126, 162
102

119,126 27,88,92,118,124,

193
102, 115, 134
74, 110, 124 23,31,111,119-123

122

102
102, 110,
6, 19, 24
31, 119-121
119, 122
88, 106,
134
120
105, 113, 116, 122, 140
121

119-121,132
23, 124-127
76, 124
113, 121, 126, 129 9 0

26 117 27 124 126

119-121

120-122

Old

Testament

273

page39image670703296

2 7 4 Index

Passages

2.1 163
3 16, 145-146 3.1-2 10
3.3 145

10.4 10

11 157
12 21, 157-158, 159,169

12.1-2 158

3.4 4

4.1-5 4.2-3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.7

5.1-4 5.1-2 5.2-3 5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5-8 5.5-6 5.6 5.7 5.8

6 6.1-2 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
8 8.1-5 8.1-3 8.1-2 8.2 8.3ff. 8.4-6 8.6
9 9.2-8 9.3-6 9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
10 10.1-2 10.3

10
10, 14-15, 19, 22,
24, 146-149
108
146, 176
146
148
142, 148
148
13, 18, 21, 24, 27,
43, 46, 50, 59, 141,
144-145, 149-153,
182, 190
152
149, 152
181
111, 124, 144, 180- 16
181 16.2
83, 196 17
151
151
152 17.1-12 77 17.1-8 142, 152 17.1-4 152 17.1-2 16, 153 17.2
153 17.3-10 16, 153 17.3-7 10 17.3
153 17.4-7 10 17.4-6 16, 154 17.5-6 154 17.5
154 17.6
154 17.7-11 154 17.7
154 17.8-11 154 17.8-10 10 17.8-9 16, 22, 154-156 17.9-11 154 17.9-10 155 17.9
155 17.10 155 17.11-12 156 17.11 142, 155-156
16, 156-157 17.12
10
156 18

12.1 158, 173
12.2 158, 161, 172

13 23, 157, 158-159 13.1 163
13.1-2 159

13.3 13.4 13.5 14

14.3 14.4 15 15.1 15.3

157, 159-161, 173 159-160
10
23-24, 157, 159-160, 168, 215 38

163

161

157-158, 161, 173

161

161
5, 7, 10, 14, 17-20, 27, 84, 108, 141, 161-167
161
161
161
162, 165-166
142, 165
161
22, 84, 165-167
84, 96, 108, 167
165
166
167
116, 163, 166
163
161
84, 96, 142
161-162
22
161, 165
165
164
74, 108, 142, 163 137, 145, 163, 171 23, 27, 161, 165-166 137, 162-163, 165, 169
27, 73, 105, 108,

161-162, 165-167 16, 23, 167-168

page40image310666272

18.1-3 167 18.1-2 168 18.4 10
19 16, 168 19.2-3 168 19.3 172

45 46 47 47.1 47.2 48 48.1 48.2

20 16, 154, 168-169
20.1 10
20.2—4 168
21 16, 21, 169
21.1-3 169 1-6 21.2-3 169 1

21.3 169, 173 1 i.l
21.4 10 1 i.7-13

22 16, 22, 169-170 1 i.10

22.1 10, 169 1 ii
22.2 169-170 2

23 16, 170 23.2-3 170

23.2 168

24 10, 170
25 16, 170-171

25.1-4 170 25.5 10
26 16, 171 26.1-2 10

26.3 171
26.4 171

27 16, 171-172 27.1-2 171
27.2 182
28 16, 172 28.2-3 172
29 16, 172
29.2 172
30 16, 172
30.2 10, 172 31-45 10

31 173
32 173
33 173
34 173

34.2 157-158, 161
35 174 6 185

Old Testament

36 174 6.1-2 185
37 174
38 174-175 4Q533 8, 41, 186, 221,
39 175 (4QPseudo Enoch ar) 233-237
40 175 1 233
41 175 1.2 221
42 175-176 1.7 221
43 176 1.8 221
44 176 1.9 221

275 21, 26, 176-177

16, 177 16, 177 10
177

16, 177 10
163, 177

4Q532 3,6-7,9-11,41,

(4QEnGiants6)

178-185, 186 178
10, 178-179 10

178

9
9, 178
21-22, 24, 37, 178, 180-182, 183, 216

2.1-2 10

180 178

84, 180 182
150, 179 182

2.3-14 2.3
2.7
2.9 2.10 2.14 3-5

178
182-183, 185 10
182
183
172, 183
183
10
22, 183-184 183
10
21, 184-185 10
184
184-185
10
184
10

3
3.1 3.2-4 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
4 4.1-4 4.5
5
5.1 5.2-5 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

page41image310999856

276
2 233-234

3 234

3.4 221
3.5 221

4 234
5 235
6 235
7 235
8 235
9 236

10 236 11 236 11.2 221

12 236
13 236

14 236-237

Index of Passages

4Q534

(AQElect of God)

i. 1—3 i.7-8
i.8
i.10
ii.l ii.16-17 ii.16

ii.l 8 4Q535

1 1.1-3 1.4-6 2
2.3

4Q536

i. 1—3 i.l
i.7
i.10 i.ll ii.9-12 3.1-3

10, 41, 214-217,

225-228

215

215

95 214-215 216
216
84
84

10, 41, 68-69,

217-218, 228-229

69, 228 217
217
228

217
10, 41, 215,

217-218, 229-231

217 217 217 217 217 217 217

1.2 223
1.3 222, 224

1.4-6 222

1.4 222
1.5 222

2-28 237
2 238
3 224, 238 5-8 224
5 238
6 239
7 239
8 239
10 237, 239 12-15 224 12+13 239 14-16 237
14 240
15 240
16 240
17 240
18 240-241 19-28 224
19 241
19.3 224
20 241
21 241
22 241
23 241
24 241
25 241
26 241
27 242
28 242

4Q548 (4QAmram)
ii.1 2 84

4Q556 3, 6-8, 11, 41, 97, (AQEnGiants*) 185-191, 221
1-5 10
1 187-188

2 188
2.3 189
3 188
4 188-189 5 189

6 13, 21, 42, 186, 189-191, 192-193,

195
6.1 190, 195, 223

6.2 190, 195 6.3 190, 224 6.7 13

4Q537 (4QApocry- 41, 222-224 phon of Jacob ar)

1+4+9+11 1+4+9+11.4 1+4+9+11.5 1+4+9+11.6 1

1.1

237-238

223, 237 237
223, 237 237

224

page42image670991184

7
4Q557
4Q561
6Q8 (6QGiants)

1.2

1.3

1.4-5 1.4 1.5 1.6

2.1 2.2-3 2.2 2.3 2.7

3
4
5
6 6.1 7

8 8.1 9 9.2 10 10.2 11 11.1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10, 191

8, 186

10
3-4, 7, 41, 68-69,

196-213

7, 14, 17-20, 22, 27-28, 55, 69, 85, 90, 119, 148, 167, 183, 196-200, 217-218

74
55, 68, 106,

199-200, 205
43, 55, 196
22, 74, 198, 199, 218 199, 210
197-199
13, 15, 19, 22, 27, 38, 40, 42, 66, 81, 86, 93, 114-115, 132, 196, 200-203, 212, 224
115, 201, 203, 216 115
202
210
203
203-204
204
16, 140, 204
16, 205
205
205
16, 205
205
16, 205-206
205
16, 206
206
206
206
206
207
207
16, 207
207
207
16, 156, 198, 208 209
209
209

22 23 24 25 26

26.1 26.3-4 26.3 27

28
29
30 30.2-3 31

32 33

6Q14 (6QApoc

1.5-7 1.5 1.6 1.7

ar)

209
209-210
210
210
16, 196, 210-211, 215
210
210
204
211
211
211-212
212
212
212
212
213

5, 16, 41, 218-219, 231
219
219

219 219

on Job)

143 158

Old Testciment

277

11Q10 (=\\QTargum xxviii.21
xxxvi.ll

H. Aramaic Papyri

(texts listed according to existing collections)

Cowley, Aramaic Papyri 26.23 105

I. Rabbinic, Hekhalot, and Medieval Jewish Literature

Talmud
61a 38

Babylonian

Niddah

Zebahim 113b

Bereshit Rabbah 26:7

38 (Gen.) 82

112

page43image380696384

278

Index of Passages

Midrash of
Shemhazai and
‘Aza’el
8 64
9 64 2:2 38

Mishnah

Yoma

6:8

Geniza

Testament of Levi 6-7

Yalqut Shim’oni

J. Targumic

Fragment Targum

Exodus
15:3 (ms. 110)

Targum Neophyti

Genesis 6:4

Numbers 13:33

Targum Onqelos

Genesis 6:4 31:40

Numbers 13:33

64, 202

110

111

111

111

110

Deuteronomy
3:11 38

111 Targum Pseudo-Jonathan

Genesis
5:23-24 156 5:24 156 6:4 111

Leviticus
16:21 82

2, 6, 19, 22, 64-66, 82, 92, 114, 132, 151, 201-203, 206

Numbers
13:33 111

Literature

Aramaic Documents of the fifth Century (Driver)

7 iii.7 181 Berytus

vol. 2 (1933), 110-112
2 117
Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicorum 4209 117

Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften (Donner and Röllig)
233.9 150
233.11 150

233.13 150 270B.4 150

Répertoire d’épigraphie sémitique, v.3 1792.7-8 118

L. Early Christian and Gnostic Writings

Clementine Homilies
8.15 151

Eusebius of Caesarea

Praeparatio Evangelica

9.17.1-9 33

9.17.2 33-35
9.17.3 34

9.17.3-8 33 9.17.4 33 9.17.5-6 34 9.17.6b-7 34

9.17.8 33-34
9.17.9 34-35, 37

9.18.2 33

K. Epigraphical

Collections

page44image310975440

9.30 34 Origen

Commentary on John

to Jn. 1:18 208

M. Manichaean Sources

Middle Persian Kawän

Verso.2^1 V erso.2-3 Verso.
V erso.5 Verso.öff. Verso.6-7 Verso.7ff. V erso.7-12 Verso.8ff. Verso.12

M625c (Henning, p.66)

M 5900 (Sundermann)

Parthian M 35
M 291

Sogdian (Henning, p.66) pp.1-2
pp. 1-2, 1-18 p.l, 1-10
p.2, 13

Sogdian T ii (Henning, pp.68-69)

Sogdian
(Henning, pp.70-71) 1.4-7

Uygur (Henning, p.65) pp.1-2
p.l
p.2

166

106 165 73 87 137 119 19 107 120

130, 201-202 19, 73

19 19

199 107

200

75-76

199 19

130
166
129, 131, 199

132-133
97, 99,127, 134, 199

199

18-20, 50, 54, 56, 198
199
92

198-199

c.pp.1-2, 4-22
c.p.l, 6
c.p.l, 14
g 18 g.77-83 199 g.84-89 25 g.84-85 25 g.84 26 g.86-94 97 g.86ff. 26 g.89 25

i 73

i.5-99 j

jP1
j.p.l, 23-32 j.p.l, 23-28 j.p.l, 24 j.34—41 j.p.l, 34-39 j.p.l, 39-41 j> P-2 k.60-66 k.67-76
1
1.7
1.50fF.

L (Sundermann)

Recto Recto. 1-11 Recto.1-9 Recto.4-5 Recto.2-10 Recto. 10 Recto.9-11 Recto.11 Verso. 1-7 Verso. 1-5 Verso. 1-4

19
19, 22, 50, 72, 201 71
59, 147
72
146
203
64-66
201
6
166
199
19, 43, 45, 57, 63 56
57

2, 92, 107, 148, 200 90

85
85, 200 86
20
92
22
73, 119 73
200
137

N. Greek and Roman Literature Aelian

On Animals
12.21 109

Hesiod

Theogony
617-719 36

Greek

and

Roman Literature

2 7 9

page45image373797536

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names)

Abel-Mayya 74, 133-134
Abel-Men 74, 133
Abilene 74
‘Abortions’ 111-112
Abraham 33-36, 38-39, 109, 134, 151 Adam, children of 196

Adversaries 162-164
Aelian 109
Affliction 135-136
Ahiram 14, 146-147 Akkadian 82, 135
Alexander ‘Polyhistor’ 33-34 Alexander the Great 39 Alkyoneus 138

Altar 239
Amalekites 221, 234
‘Ammiel 146-147
‘Anael 146-147
Ancient of Days, see under God Angel(s)

– of destruction 64,115,201-203,206
– fallen 68, 81-84, 92-93, 96, 100, 108,147, 198, 216
– guardian 114—115
– good 32, 34, 37, 65-66, 73, 77, 83-84,88, 91, 96-97, 114, 148, 158-160, 163,167, 216
– ‘holy one(s)’ 77, 91, 159-160, 163, 227,229
– intercessory 77, 220
– messenger(s), mediary 192, 194, 222
– Most High ones 229-230
– sons of heaven 163
Anger 135-136, 173, 200
Animals 57-58, 143-144, 151, 199 – wild 44, 57, 144, 165 Antiochus VII Sidetes 29
Arabic 129
Aramaic passim
– spoken 71
Ararat, mountains of 211

Archangels (primary angels) 15, 25, 26, 28, 77, 220

Archelaus 32
Ark 15, 58, 65, 210, 215 Army 155
Artapanus 33
Asses 44, 56-57
Assur 150
Assyria 240
Astrology 33-36
Atambi_ 73, 200
Athos, Mount 219
Atlas 34-35, 37
Atonement, Day of 66, 79-81 Axe 114,202,206

‘Azazel (‘Azaz’el, ‘Asa’el, ‘Aza’el, Ara- ziel) 18, 23-24, 26, 66, 78-82, 93, 96,

100, 107-108, 111, 196

Babatha archive 71
Baby 109
Babylon 34, 36, 39, 109 Babylonia 36
Babylonian 5, 31-32, 34-39 Bar Cochba revolt 79 Baraki’el 197-198

Baraq’el (Virogdad) 19, 22, 28, 55, 59-60, 68-69, 72, 132-133, 146, 183, 197-199, 217-218

Battle 240
– against angels 15, 17, 19, 22, 27,

83-85, 138, 162, 164-167 Beast(s) 57, 59, 162, 164, 219 Beer Zait 240
Bel 39
Beloved 79-80
Belos 33-36
Berossus 37, 39
Beth Gama 236-237
Bethel 222-223
Bethhoron 30
Bilingual 117

page46image374120736

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names) 281

Bird(s) 57, 59, 108, 143-144 Birth
– ‘Elect of God’ 225-226
– giants (see under Giants) – in 4Q535 228

– Noah 215-218
Bitenos 197-198
Bitter 238
Blessing (eschatological) 15, 18-19, 24,

57-58, 224
Blood 13, 59, 77, 97, 118, 136, 149-151,

160, 171-172, 189-190, 193, 195-196 Board, see under Taxtag
Body, see under Flesh
Bond, see under Chain

Bones 159-160
Book(s) (writing) 119-120, 188, 225, 230 Bread 135-137
Burning 113, 121, 132, 143-144, 233

Camels, see under Giants
– appetite of Giants 151
Canaan (son of Noah) 35, 111, 151 Cattle 143-144
Cedar 111
Cedar Forest 72
Cedar Mountain 74
Chain 89, 91, 181-182
Charms 82
City 239
Cloud(s) 146, 231
Codicology
– of 4Q203 66-68
Complaint, see under Giants
Creature(s) (living beings) 44, 56-57, 72,

117-121, 144, 226, 231
Creeping thing(s) 59, 143-144, 169 Crying, see under Weeping
Cult (sacrificial) 224
Curse 105, 107-108, 135-136

Dan 74
Daniel, the prophet 122
Date
– Book of Giants 5-6,28-31, 121

Dead/Death 125, 132, 135-136, 146-147, 160, 166, 168, 180-181, 230

– of spirits/souls 93, 105-106, 135-136, 160

Deceit 189-190, 223, 237-238 Defilement, see under Watchers Deluge, see under Flood Demi-urge 112

Demons, see under Giants and Watchers Deserts, desert regions 82, 90, 134
– Syro-Arabian 134
– the Great Desert 128, 130, 133 Destruction, see under Giants

Dew 62, 99
Diaspora, Jewish 32 Divination 234
Donkeys 44, 56, 60, 112 Dreams, see also under Giants – of Archelaus 32
– of evil figures 32, 64-66
– interpretation of 22-24, 27 Drinking 172
Dudael, wilderness of 82

Eagle 128
Earth 13, 24, 28, 34, 37, 51, 54, 58-59, 61,

64, 73-75, 77, 84, 87, 89-90, 93, 97, 108, 111-112, 114, 118-121, 128-129, 136, 142-144, 149-150, 152, 156, 160, 166, 178, 180-182, 189-190, 195-196, 219, 238-239, 241

– ends of 27 28, 73, 181
East 133-134
Eating 73, 107, 138, 149-152, 162, 164,

180-181, 200, 239
Edomites 30
Egypt 34, 37, 39, 181, 221, 235-236 Egyptian 36
‘Elect of God’ 214-217, 226
Elephantine 105, 150
Elephants, see under Giants
Elioud, see under Giants
Enemies 95
Engedi 71
Enkidu 72
Enoch 1, 10, 13-15, 17, 20-29, 34, 37, 48,

57-58, 63, 67, 73-76, 85-88, 90-93, 97, 100, 107-108, 111, 116-119, 124-134, 139, 147-149, 155-156, 158, 169, 176-177, 183, 185, 189, 191, 193-194, 199, 201-202, 204, 208, 215, 217, 220-221, 224

– Damascus Document – Jubilees 29
– Similitudes 3
Dawn 133

Day(s) 228-231
– eighth 238
– of evil 230
– period of 167-168

2 9 – 2 0

page47image332621360

282 Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names)

– as „apostle” 57, 75-76, 99, 107, 132-133
– as dream interpreter 25-27, 32, 111, 116-119, 124-127, 147, 149, 199, 204
– as founder of astrology 34-35
– as intercessor (see under petition) 27,63, 92, 97, 108
– as „scribe” 73, 85, 87-88, 90-92,116-119, 124, 126, 148, 155, 169,193-194
– as visionary 25-27, 37, 93, 118, 191,194
– knowledge 34-35, 37, 155-156
– voice of 124, 126-127, 129, 132, 155 Esau 199
Essenes 6, 32
Euhemeristic 34
Eumenes II 36
Eupolemus 33-34
Eusebius of Casesarea 33
Evil 32, 37-38, 40, 77, 88, 90-93, 108,174, 198, 216-217, 223, 227, 230, 233,237-238, 240
Evil spirits 38, 160
Eyelid(s) 135-136
Eyes 109-110, 137, 162-164Fabricius, J.A. 2
‘Fallen’ angels, see under Watchers Father 36, 51-52, 197-199, 208, 216-217,226
Fear 76, 105, 107, 124, 126, 197, 199-200,240
Female 143
Fertility 57
Fetter, see under Chain
Fire 93, 113-115, 121, 130, 132, 215 First
– journey 17, 20, 22, 127, 132-133
– pair of dream visions 22, 86-87, 132 – tablet 20, 22, 85-86
Fish 143-144, 233
Flesh 38, 59, 106, 119-120, 157-160,178-181
Flood 15-16, 24, 26, 33-36, 38^10,57-58, 64-66, 73, 93, 104, 106, 109, 114-115, 151, 160, 167, 190, 196, 203, 211, 215-216, 219, 224- survivors of 34-38, 64-66 Food 59
Forgiveness 81-82, 91 Format of presentation 42 Four

– lines not effaced from stone tab- let(s) 64-65, 206

Fruit 143, 238

Gabriel 93
Garden (Paradise) 64-65, 114-115, 134,

201, 215
garden of truth 133-134
Gardener(s) 109, 113-115, 128, 130, 140,

204
Garment 153
Gazelle 57
Gerazim 34
Giants passim
– appetites (see also under Eating)

151-152, 181
– assembly of 109-110, 124, 126,

135-136
– birth 21, 79, 83-84, 114, 144, 149-151,

196, 201-202
– camels 112
– companions 60, 71, 78, 80, 105-106,

109-110, 124, 126, 154
– complaint against to Enoch 13, 21, 24,

26, 135-137
– conflict among 14, 17, 19, 22, 29,

147-149, 152, 197-200
– conveyors of culture 33-35
– demons 75-76, 85-87, 92, 107, 160,

200

– destroyed by the flood 38^40, 57-58, 64-66, 106, 114-115, 159-160, 215
– destructive activities 13,17-19,21,

24-25, 27-28, 36-37, 50, 58-59, 72, 76-77, 93, 97, 108, 112, 118, 136-137, 143-153, 159-160, 178, 180-182, 189-190, 192-196, 216

– discussions among 14-15, 21, 198- 199, 218

– donkeys 112
– dreams of 13-17, 19-23, 27-28, 31, 40,

64-66, 87, 93, 97, 106-111, 113-124, 126-127, 129-130, 132, 137-138, 140, 144, 148-149, 155, 162, 164-167, 183, 190, 200-204, 211

– elephants 112
– Elioud (‘Elyo) 111-112,152
– ‘fall’ of 169-170
– hope for escape from destruction’

36-37, 106, 132, 148-149, 166-167
– human and animal characteristics 72,

108
– in Greek mythology 36

page48image381166992

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names) 283

– joy (gladness) 76, 105, 107-108, 137, 166

– Nephilim (Naphidim, Naphil) 109-112, 124, 126, 128-130, 149-150, 152, 177-178

– pride 166
– size of 29-30, 111
– survival after the flood 34-35, 37^10,

106, 151, 160
‘Gift-offering’ 179
Gigantomachy 36, 138
Gilgamesh (Gilgamow) 5, 14, 22-23, 27,

31, 37, 72-73, 104-106, 108-109, 127,

162, 164-167
Gilgamesh Epic 37, 72-74, 108-109, 133 Glory 94-96, 232
Glossary 4-5
Gnostic 112
Goat 108
G o d passim

– as Ancient of Days 121-123
– as Great (One) 88, 105-106, 108,

193-194
– as Great Holy (One) 119-123, 191 – as Holy (One) 87-88, 106
– as Lord 184-185
– as Lord of lords 184
– as Most High 231, 238
– as Ruler of the Heavens 119-121
– omniscience of 94-96
Gomorrah 38
Grape(s) 52, 57
Greatness 94-96

Hahyah (Heyya, Nariman) 13-17, 20, 23, 25-27, 52, 64-65, 75, 78, 80-81, 84-86, 92-93, 106-108, 110, 114-118, 127, 129-130, 132, 140, 147, 149, 166, 197, 200-203, 215

Hair 121, 226
Ham (son of Noah) 35
Hasmonaean 29
– script 142, 193
Hebraism 79, 81, 105, 125, 208, 220 Hebrew original (Book of Giants) 5, 30 Hecataeus of Abdera 39
Height 125, 158-159
Hellenistic 35-39, 134, 137
Heracles 138
Hermon, Mount 74, 133, 208 Hermopolis 150
Herod the Great 32

Herodian script 28, 66, 142, 225, 228, 233, 237

Hesiod 36
Hinds 162-164
Historiography 32-38
Hobabish 5, 27, 31, 37, 59, 71-72, 74,

108-109
Holy 157-158, 177
Holy ones, see under Angels
Holy places 162-164
Horeb, Mount 241
Horoscope 214-215, 225-226
Horses
– appetite of Giants 151
House 162
– of archives, see under Library
– ‘House of escape’ 135-136
Humanity passim
– as survivors of the flood 35-38, 64-66,

114-115, 201-202, 216
– as victims of the giants 58-59, 92-93,

135-137, 143-145, 152, 182 – human labor 59
Humbaba (Huwawa) 72 Hundred 58

– a hundred hundreds 119-123 Hypnos 138

Idols 237
Idumaea 29
Imprisonment 13-14, 17, 20, 59, 83, 85,

91, 145, 152
Impurity 238
Incantations 112 Insomnia, see under Sleep Israel 66

Jacob 199, 222-223, 237 Jared 156, 198, 208, 235 Jerusalem 34
– temple 34

Jewish passim
John Hyrcanus I 29
Joppa 221, 233
Joseph bar Hiyya 2
Josephus 32, 36, 39
Joy, see under Giants
Jug(s) 56-57
Judgment 14, 18, 20, 22, 26-28, 32, 39,

65-66, 80, 90, 93, 105-107, 119-123, 127, 129, 132, 144, 148, 151, 160, 167, 179, 188, 201, 203, 216, 224

page49image380697920

284 Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names)

Kamarine 34
Killing 50, 58-59, 71-72, 76-77, 135-136,

146-148, 152, 167-168, 200 King(s) 109, 155, 178-179, 221, 237 Kingdom 94, 237
Knife 64
Knowledge 155-156, 183-185 Kronos 34-36
KRYPW (place name) 240

Lamech 197-198 Lebanon 74, 133 Letter 87-88, 90, 93 Library 126

Lies 189-190, 195-196 Lightning 60, 198
Lubar 198, 210-211, 215

Maccabeans 30-31
Mahaway (Mahawai) 27-28, 69-70,

72-73, 76, 85-87, 90-91, 106-108, 111, 117, 124-134, 139, 147-148, 155-156, 167, 183, 197-200, 217-218, 224

– message from 19-20, 22, 69(?), 72, 85-86, 91, 106-107, 197, 199-200
– conflict with ‘Ohyah 14, 17, 19, 22, 167, 197, 199-200, 218- journey(s) to Enoch 14-15, 17, 22-24, 27,48, 76, 108, 117, 124-134, 139, 148, 199Male 143
Mani 112
Manichaean passim
– Cosmogony 112
Manichaean Book of Giants fragments – Coptic 1
– Middle Persian passim
– Parthian 1
– Sogdian 1
– Uygur 1
Manichaeans 3
Mastema 160
Media 240
Mediation, chain of 28, 90
Medicines 111
Melchizedek 34, 215
Merkabah 123
Messiah 214-215
Metatron 64, 156
Meteorological phenomena 62, 99 Methuselah 92, 198, 220
Michael 38, 57, 93
Moabites 221, 234

Monster 72
Moon 142-143
Moses of Narbonne 82
Mountain(s) 29-30, 111, 134, 175, 208,

210-211, 216
– Kogman 133
Mourn (see also under Weeping)

157-158, 231
Mouth 126, 230
Murabba’at 71
Murderer(s) 135-137
Myriad(s) 121-123
Mystery (Secret) 37, 58, 73, 94-96, 226,

229-230

Nabataean 118
– script 71
Na’emel 146-147
Nahal Hever 71
Nariman (= Hahyah) 25-26 Near East 38-39 Neo-Assyrian 72

Nephilim, see under Giants Nicanor 30
Night 109-110, 116, 228-231 Nimrod 35-36, 39

Noah 26, 35-39, 58, 65-66, 69, 73, 114, 160, 168, 198, 201-203, 208, 211, 214- 220, 224

North 74, 99, 134, 240 Northwest 133

Offerings 238
Og 38
‘Ohyah (‘Aheyyá, Ahiyah, Sam) 13-14,

16-17, 19-20, 22-23, 27, 31, 38, 50, 52, 55, 59, 64-65, 73, 75, 78, 80-84, 87, 92, 105-108, 110, 116-117, 127, 132, 137, 139, 147, 149, 162, 164-167, 190, 197-201, 203, 218

Oil 57
Old Babylonian 72-74, 108

Olympian gods 36
One hundred forty-seven
– years of Jacob’s life 223, 237-238 Origen 208
– Hexapla 111, 128
Orthography 67
Oryx 57
Oxen
– appetite of Giants 151

page50image332598816

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names) 285

Palaeography 3, 28-29, 67, 102, 142, 187, 193, 196

Palestine 32, 39
Palestinian Archaeological Museum
– photographic collection 8-9
Palm (trees) 113
Palmyra 117
Palmyrene (Aramaic) 95
Panopolitanus, Codex 2, 50, 72, 79, 88,

96, 117, 134-135, 137, 151, 160, 198,

208

Paradise, see under Garden Peleg 109
Pergamon 36
Persecution, political 122 Persia 240

Petition, see under Prayer
Philo of Alexandria 39
Phoenicia 34, 36, 39
Photographic evidence 10, 42, 100 – accessibility 8-10, 141, 165

– inaccessibility 3-5, 7-8, 18, 31, 121, 141, 165, 185

Potentates, see under Princes
Prayer 13, 15, 17, 21, 25-26, 84, 93-98,

108, 137, 158, 188
Priest(s) 239
Princes 105-106, 108, 166
Prometheus 82
Prophecy
– of Enoch 15
– of Essenes 32
Prophet 221, 233
Prostration 73, 75, 100
Provenance (of the Book of Giants) 5-6,

31-39
Pseudepigraphon 25-26, 29, 67 ‘Pseudo-Eupolemus’ 33-34, 36-39 Punishment, see under Judgment Pure 168, 239
Purpose (of the Book of

Qumran passim

– Cave 1 41, 223
– Cave 2 41
– Cave4 1,41

– Cave 6 41

Rain 62, 99
Ramath Hazor 240
Rams 44, 57
Raphael (Rufa’el) 87-90, 92-93 Repentance 66

Reproduction 57
Reptiles, see under Creeping thing(s) Righteous ones 234, 236-238 Righteousness 57, 117
Rights, burial 117
River(s) 121, 146-147
Roots (rootage) 15, 22, 93, 113-115, 130,

187-188, 201-203, 215-216 Rule, see under Kingdom

Sacrifice(s) 224, 239
Sam (Sahm), see under ‘Ohyah Samaria 29
Samaritan 34
– dialect 71
Sathariel 68
Scaliger, Joseph Juste 2
Scapegoat 66, 81-82
Scorpion 44
Sea creatures, see under Fish
Sea(s) 90 240
Second
– journey to Enoch 15, 20, 22, 108,

127-133
– tablet 14, 17, 20, 23, 83-87, 90, 118,

129, 155, 224
Secrets, see under Mystery
Sefire inscription 190
Seleucid kingdom 34, 39
Senir 74
Sepulchre, inscription 117
Sequence of fragments 5-6, 10-24
Seven
– days 103-104
– leaders of the fallen angels 82
– mountains 133-134
– tablets 222, 224
Shechem 221, 233
Sheep 44, 57, 143
Shemihazah (Shemhazai, Semyaza, Shah-

mizad) 14, 17, 19-20, 23, 38, 52, 64, 66, 82, 84-87, 90-93, 100, 110-111, 118, 151, 165-166, 199-200

Sheol H I
Shepherds 114
Shinar 35
Shoots, see under Roots Shoulders 154

Sigla 42
Sihon 38
Simon the Essene 32
Sin(s) 59, 81, 97, 107, 157-159, 161,

173-174, 224, 227, 238-239

Giants)

3 9 ^ 0

page51image332613152

286 Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names)

Sinai, Mount 221, 233
Six thousand 56-57
Sleep 109-110, 135-138, 162-165,

169-170, 172, 200, 228-231 Snake 44

Sodom 38
Solomon 34
‘Son of man’ 3, 122-123
‘Sons of a pit’ 216-217,227
Sorrow 73
Soul(s) 93, 105-107, 135-136
South 74, 99, 132, 134
Southwest 74
Spirit
– mode of giants’ existence 38-40, 106,

151, 160
Splendor 94, 154
Stone 6, 64-65, 200, 202
Strength 78, 80, 94-96, 155, 162, 164,

166-167
Stubborn 238
Sumerian 82
Sun 59, 132-133
Suriel (Suryan) 93
Sword 29, 146-148, 218, 230 Syncellus, Georgius 2, 50, 72, 79, 82,

111-112, 135, 156, 208 Syria 39

Syriac 95, 125-126, 128, 181, 208

Table 64
‘Tablet(s)’ 6, 13-15, 17, 20, 22-23, 64-66,

84-87, 90-92, 97, 107, 118-119, 129, 131, 155, 169, 200, 206, 222-224, 237-239

– washing of 6, 64-66, 206, 215 Tachygraph 2
Taxtag 65
Temple 223

– Jerusalem 34
Testament 223
Theodore Bar Konai 109 Theophany 31, 106, 118-123 Thigh 226

Thirty 47
Thousand(s) 52, 56-57, 200
– a thousand thousands 119-123,155 – camels 151
– horses 151
– oxen 151
Three
– books 226
– branches 64, 114-115, 202

– giants slain 73
– roots (shoots) 201-202, 216, 224
– signs 65
– sons of Noah 114,201-202,216 Three hundred and fifty shekels
– weight of baby in 4Q535 217, 228 Throne(s) 118-123, 150, 153
– wheels 121
Titanomachy 36
Titans 36
Tobias 93
Tongues (of fire) 113, 130
Tower 33-37
Transjordan 29
Tree(s) 15, 64-66, 114-115, 128-130, 143,

201-203
Trembling, see under Fear
Truth 117
Turfan 1
Turkestan 1
Twenty
– leaders of fallen Watchers 69
Two 20
– dreams 16-17, 19, 22, 86, 109-110,

149, 203
– giant brothers 20, 81, 109-110, 203
– journeys of Mahaway to Enoch 86,

131-133
– ‘tablets’ 17, 22, 84-86, 90, 131, 200, 224 Two hundred 44-^5, 56-57, 114,

129-130, 169, 201-202, 208

Ubelseyael, see under Abilene Ur 158
Uriel 93
Utnapishtim 73

Vase paintings 138
V egetation 57, 144
Vineyard 150,211
Violence 13, 76-77, 97, 108 Visions, see also under Giants – of Enoch 25

Vulture 143

Walls 239
Watcher(s) 12-14, 17, 19-20, 22, 24-26,

29-30, 32, 37, 39-40, 50, 52, 57-59, 63, 66, 68, 72-74, 78-84, 86, 88-93, 95, 97, 100, 107-108, 111-112, 115, 118-119, 129-130, 144, 146-153, 155-156, 158-160, 167, 169, 176, 178,

page52image380865920

Index of Subjects (with Proper and Place Names) 287

180-181, 183, 185, 190, 196, 198, 201-203, 208, 215-217, 227

– as demons 130
– defilement of 149-152
– ‘fall’ of 21, 27, 97, 111-112, 130, 143,

149-153, 156, 208, 216
– ‘gardeners’ 114-115
– good 63, 88, 91, 180
– ‘sons of God’ 111
– teacher(s) of culture 37, 82, 156, 196 Water(s) 53, 57, 61, 64-65, 74, 93,

103-104, 113-115, 160, 215, 227, 240 Watering 113
Weeping 73, 75, 97, 100, 150, 231 Weight 228-229

West 134
Wheat 143
Whirlwinds 128, 130 White 121
Wicked ones 230, 236-237

Wine 56-57, 211
Wings 108, 125, 128, 130, 132-133, 170 Wisdom (wise) 92, 215-216, 226, 229 Woman (Women) 197-198
– related to the Watchers 50, 82, 84,

89-90, 108-109, 111, 114, 144,

151-152, 160, 202
– related to the giants 59, 72, 87, 89 Wool 121
World 128, 130
– origin of 112
Worry 106-106, 137, 200
Worship, of God 119-123

Years 95, 103-104, 228-231

Zeus 36
– Altar of 36 Zion 240

page53image374096112

Alexander, PS. 134 Allegro, J.M. 79 Attridge, H.W. 33 Avigad, N. 142

Baillet, M. 63-64, 196-198, 200-201, 203-213, 218-219

Barrera, J.T. 129, 222
Beyer, K. 4-7, 9-10, 12-16, 18, 21, 30-31,

41, 43-56, 58-71, 74-79, 83-85, 87-89, 94-95, 98-102, 104-106, 109-110, 112-113, 115-116, 118-121, 124-125, 127-131, 133-136, 140-141, 143-150, 152-159, 161-172, 177-186, 189-190, 192-197, 200-201, 203-208, 210, 214-219, 223-224, 239

Black, M. 2, 38, 74, 77, 87, 94-95, 98, 111-113, 116-117, 133, 149, 189-190, 208

Blanc, C. 208 Boyce, M. 1 Brooke, A.E. 208 Bruce, F.F. 3

Camponovo, O. 94-95
Cantineau, J. 126
Caquot, A. 215
Carmignac, J. 214
Cazelles, H. 214
Charles, R.H. 29, 74, 112 Charlesworth, J.H. 8, 30, 186, 214, 221 Clarke, E.G. Ill

Collins, J.J. 30, 32
Cowley, A.E. 105
Cross, F.M. 28, 102, 142, 193, 196, 225

Delcor, M. 82, 214, 220 Denis, A.M. 33
de Jonge 219
de Vaux, R. 63

des Places, E. 33 Dimant, D. 3, 26, 67, 79

Donner, H. 150
Doran, R. 33-35, 37 Driver, G.R. 181 Dupont-Sommer, A. 214

Eisenman, R. 8-9, 120, 178-185, 215, 217 Evans, C.A. 215-216
Fabricius, J.A. 2
Feuillet, A. 214

Field, F. Ill
Fitzmyer, J.A. 3^1, 7, 41, 43^t7, 48-52,

54, 59-64, 70, 84, 87-90, 102, 104, 109, 112, 115-117, 119, 124-125, 128-129, 131, 161-165, 185-186, 196-198, 200-201, 203-205, 210, 214-215, 217, 221-222

Franxman, T.W. 3 Freudenthal, J. 33

Gantz, T. 36
Garcia Martinez, F. 4-8, 12-21, 30-32,

43, 45-46, 49, 54-55, 58-61, 63, 65, 67-71, 74-77, 80, 83, 87-90, 94-95, 98-99, 102, 104, 109, 112, 115-117, 119, 121, 124-125, 128-129, 131, 134, 136, 144, 149-150, 152-153, 161-166, 186, 189-190, 193-196, 198, 200, 208, 210-211, 214-215, 217-221, 228, 232, 239

Goodman, M. 4
Grabbe, L.L. 81
Greenfield, J.C. 211, 215, 220 Grelot, P. 134, 214-215

Halevy, J. 208
Halperin, D. 123
Hanson, P.D. 28, 82
Harrington, D.J. 4, 43-52, 54-55, 59-64,

70, 87-90, 102, 104, 109, 112, 115-117, 119, 124-125, 128-129, 131, 161-165, 196-198, 200-201, 203-205, 210, 222

Hengel, M. 32-33, 36, 215-216

Index of Modera Authors

page54image380911616

Henning, W.B. 1-2, 18-19, 25-26, 50, 57, 59, 64-65, 72-73, 75, 97, 99, 107, 130, 132, 146-147, 166, 199-201

Hoftijzer, J. 126, 150, 181, 190
Holladay, C.R. 33, 35, 37
Huggins, R.V. 8, 33, 35, 37, 73, 104, 198

Isaac, E. 92-93

Jastrow, M. 143, 146-147, 156, 163, 180 Jean, C.-F. 126, 150, 181, 190
Jeremias, G. 1

Karrer, M. 87-88
Kaufman, S.J. 135, 150, 161
Kerenyi, C. 138
Klimkeit, H.-J. 1
Knibb, M.A. 4, 74, 77, 92-94, 98, 208 Kuhn, H.-W. 1
Kümmel, W.G. 33

Laurence, R. 2 Licht, J. 214 Lust, J. 123

Milik, J.T. 1-7, 13-14, 18-19, 21, 25-26, 28-31, 38, 43-72, 74-83, 87, 89-90, 94-95, 98-104, 108-110, 113-116, 118-121, 124-125, 127-131, 133-136, 140-141, 144, 150-152, 161-166, 178, 185-186, 189-199, 201-202, 204, 208, 214-215, 217-219, 221-223, 232, 237

Miliar, F. 4
Mirakin, M. 112 Montaner, L.V. 129, 222

Newsom, C. 96
Nickelsburg, G.W.E. 3-4, 38, 82

Odeberg, H. 215

Pfann, S.J. 8-9
Pirot, L. 214
Puech, E. 129, 222-224, 237

Qimron, E. 211

Rabin, C. 142
Reed, S.A. 9, 186
Reeves, J.C. 1, 4-6, 8, 12-18, 21, 26, 30,

33, 37, 40-41, 43, 46, 49, 53, 55, 58-59, 63, 68-71, 73-75, 77-78, 80, 83-85, 87-90, 94-95, 97-99, 104, 108-109, 112-117, 119, 121, 124-125, 127-134,

136, 140, 144, 149-152, 161-167, 186, 189-190, 192-194, 196-197, 199-202, 223-224

Robert, A. 214 Robinson, J. 8, 120 Röllig, W. 150 Rosenthal, F. 126 Rowland, C. 123

Sanders, J.A. 3 Scaliger, J. 2 Schifïman, L.H. 214 Schnackenburg, R. 3 Schroeder, G. 33 Schürer, E. 4

Smith, R.P. 125
Sokoloff, M 4, 63, 77, 79, 87, 90, 109,

124, 128, 134, 140, 143, 146-147, 149,

151, 163, 190, 198

Starcky, J. 3, 7, 41, 101, 128-129, 141, 161, 178, 185, 187, 214, 221-222, 237

Stegemann, H. 1, 32
Stone, M.E. 3-4, 33, 220
Stroumsa, G.A.G. 112
Strugnell, J. 29, 79, 217
Stuckenbruck, L.T. 68, 72, 78, 87, 117,

123, 134
Sundermann, W. 1, 17, 19, 63, 70-71, 73,

85-87, 90, 106, 119-120, 137, 148, 166, 200

Testuz, M. 222, 237 Tigay, J.H. 72, 109 Tov, E. 8-9, 120

Uhlig, S. 4, 43^15, 74-77, 80, 87, 94, 98-99, 149-150, 161, 164-165, 196-197, 200

Ullendorf, E. 4

VanderKam, J.C. 3, 29-30
Vermes, G. 4, 8, 186, 196, 215, 221 Viviano, B.T. 215

Wacholder, B.Z. 33-36
Walter, N. 33
Watson, W.G.E. 8
West, M L. 36
Wintermute, O.S. 30, 148, 222 Wise, M.O. 9, 178-185, 215, 217 Wright, G.E. 28

Yadin, Y. 142

Index of Modem Authors 289

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Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

Alphabetical Index

Avemarie, Friedrich: Tora und Leben. 1996. Volume 55.
Becker, Hans-Jürgen: see Schäfer, Peter
Cansdale, Lena: Qumran and the Essenes. 1997. Volume 62.
Chester, Andrew: Divine Revelation and Divine Titles in the Pentateuchal Targumim. 1986. Volume 14.

Cohen, Martin Samuel. The Shicur Qomah: Texts and Recencions. 1985. Volume 9.
Ego, Beate: Targum Scheni zu Ester. 1996. Volume 54.
Engel, Anja: see Schäfer, Peter
Gleßmer, Uwe: Einleitung in die Targume zum Pentateuch. 1995. Volume 48.
Goldberg, Arnold: Mystik und Theologie des rabbinischen Judentums. Ed. by Margarete Schlüter and Peter Schäfer. 1997. Volume 61

Goodblatt, David: The Monarchic Principle. 1994. Volume 38
Grözinger, Karl: Musik und Gesang in der Theologie der frühen jüdischen Literatur. 1982. Volume 3.
Halperin, David /.. The Faces of the Chariot. 1988. Volume 16.
Houtman, Alberdina: Mishnah and Tosefta. 1997. Volume 59.
Herrmann, Klaus (Ed.): Massekhet-Hekhalot. 1994. Volume 39.
– see Schäfer, Peter
Herzer, Jens: Die Paralipomena Jeremiae. 1991. Volume 43.
Hezser, Catherine: Form, Function, and Historical Significance of the Rabbinic Story in Yerushalmi Neziqin. 1993. Volume 37.
Hirschfelder, Ulrike: see Schäfer, Peter
Instone Brewer, David: Techniques and Assumptions in Jewish Exegesis before 70 CE. 1992. Volume 30.
Ilan, Tal: Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine. 1995. Volume 44.
Ipta, Kerstin: see Schäfer, Peter

Jacobs, Martin: Die Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen. 1995. Volume 52. – see Schäfer, Peter
Kosher, Aryeh: The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. 1985. Volume 7. – Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs. 1988. Volume 18.

– Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel. 1990. Volume 21.
Krauss, Samuel: The Jewish-Christian Controversy from the Earliest Times to 1789.
Ed. by W. Horbury. Volume 1:1996. Volume 56.
Kuhn, Peter: Offenbarungsstimmen im Antiken Judentum. 1989. Volume 20.
Kuyt, Annelies: The ‘Descent’ to the Chariot. 1995. Volume 45.
Lange, Nicholas de: Greek Jewish Texts from the Cairo Genizah. 1996. Volume 51.
Leicht, Reimund: see Schäfer, Peter
Lohmann, Uta: see Schäfer, Peter
Luttikhuizen, Gerard /’. The Revelation of Elchasai. 1985. Volume 8.
Mach, Michael: Entwicklungsstadien des jüdischen Engelglaubens in vorrabbinischer Zeit. 1992. Volume 34.
Mendels, Doron: The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature. 1987. Volume 15.
Mutins, Hans Georg von: see Schäfer, Peter
Necker, Gerold: see Schäfer, Peter
Olyan, Saul M.: A Thousand Thousands Served Him. 1993. Volume 36.
Otterbach, Rina: see Schäfer, Peter
Prigent, Pierre: Le Judaisme et l’image. 1990. Volume 24.

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