The Hebrew Bible (Hebrew: אֱלֹהִים יי ברוך, Yehova baruch; or אלהים וואלד כינויים, Elohim V’el dan ynyderim) is a collection of sacred texts or scripture in Judaism. The term Tanakh (תנ”ך) is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text and the traditional commentaries.
The Hebrew Bible, known in Judaism as the Tanakh and in Christianity as the Old Testament, is a collection of sacred scriptures that Jews use to guide their religious life. It consists of twenty-four books, most of them written between 1200 BCE , when the Jewish people were led by Moses, and 400 BCE , by prophets like Jeremiah and Daniel
This introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures is designed to help you understand the first five books of the Bible in their cultural and historical context. In reading these texts, this course will encourage you to consider how they can be relevant today, how they speak to contemporary issues, and how they enrich our understanding of who God is and what it means to be a follower of Jesus Christ. You will have opportunities for discussion through small group work and live chat room participation.
WHY WE SHOULD USE THE HEBREW ORDER OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
Have you ever thought about why the Old Testament (OT) books are ordered the way they are in our English Bibles? If you have given this much thought, you have probably noticed that the English OT is ordered is by genre (history, poetry, prophecy). While understandable, this order has some serious shortcomings. More helpful is the order of the books that the ancient Israelites used, including Jesus.
Original Hebrew Bible Translation
Jesus Used the Hebrew Order
As mentioned in a previous article, Jesus used the three-fold division of the Old Testament used by the Jews in His day—the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings. This is seen in Luke 24:44, where Jesus told the two men on the road to Emmaus:
These are my words that I spoke to you while I saw still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.
This is the Hebrew order of the OT canon. Hebrew Bibles are still published in this order, and modern Jews still use this order (though with a different order for the Writings). The Law includes Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Prophets include Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve (the Minor Prophets). Psalms stood as a synecdoche (a part representing the whole) for the Writings. The Writings include Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, and 1-2 Chronicles. There are some differences regarding the order of the Writings, but the order that divides them into pre-exilic (or wisdom books) and post-exilic writings makes sense.
Though other New Testament authors did not mention all three parts together, they made good use of the phrase “the Law and the Prophets.” This was a shorthand way of referring to the entire OT, and it suggests their use of the Hebrew three-fold division of the OT. Jesus used the phrase “the Law and the Prophets” (Matthew 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Luke 16:15), as did Philip (John 1:45), Luke (Acts 13:15; 28:23), and the Apostle Paul (Acts 24:14; Romans 3:21).
However, Luke 24:44 does not stand alone in referencing all three parts of the Hebrew division of the OT. In Luke 11:49-51, Jesus spoke of “the blood of all the prophets, shed from the foundation of the world . . . from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zechariah, who perished between the altar and the sanctuary.” Jesus is here referring to all the martyrs of the OT, from first to last. Abel was the first man murdered in history, which is recorded at the beginning in Genesis 4. Zechariah was the priest murdered in 2 Chronicles 24:20-22. He fits Jesus’ description, as he was stoned “in the court of the house of Yahweh.” [1]
Jesus’ reference of Abel to Zechariah only makes sense if He was using the Hebrew order of the OT that is divided into the Law, Prophets, and Writings. In the Hebrew order, Chronicles is the last book of the OT, and Zechariah’s murder is recorded near the end of 2 Chronicles—thus the very end of the OT. The English order of the OT books simply does not make sense of Jesus’ statement, as it has Chronicles in the middle of the OT.
Hebrew Interlinear Bible
The Hebrew Order Makes Sense
It is apparent that the OT order of books referenced by Jesus in Luke 11:49-51 and 24:44 is not the order of our modern English Bibles. English translations not only have a different order, but they also divide the 24 Hebrew books into 39 English books. It is not entirely certain how the English order of the OT came about. There was no unanimous order of OT books given by the early church, and there was no uniform order in the manuscripts of the Septuagint. As the church drifted away from its Jewish roots, the church somehow adopted an OT order different from that of the Hebrew.
This raises the question—do we have any reason not to follow the order of the OT books used by Jesus? If Jesus used the three-fold division of Law, Prophets, Writings, then this is actually the Christian order of the OT. Further, if we follow the Hebrew OT concerning which books should be canon (a key argument against the Apocrypha), then we should also follow the Hebrew order of these books. The Hebrew books are ordered the way they are for a reason (possibly by Ezra or Nehemiah), and we can see examples of why this order makes sense:
- The Hebrew order unifies books that were separated only because they were too big to write on one scroll in Hebrew (1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, The Twelve, Ezra-Nehemiah, 1-2 Chronicles). This reduces the number of OT books to 24. The English Bible separates books that are unified in content and purpose.
- The Hebrew order places the latter prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, the Twelve) after 1-2 Kings, which is their proper context. These latter prophets ministered in Israel and Judah during the time of 1-2 Kings. The English order loses this connection by placing the latter prophets at the end of the OT.
- The Hebrew order makes sense of the Writings by grouping together the books written before Judah’s exile in 586 B.C. (Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes). Significant connections between these books are missed in the English order. For example, the end of Proverbs describes the “excellent wife” (Proverbs 31:10), and the next Hebrew book, Ruth, gives an example of such a woman and even calls her an “excellent wife” (Ruth 3:11). Ruth is then followed with a book about marriage in Song of Songs.
- The Hebrew order makes sense of the Writings by grouping together the books written after Judah’s exile in 586 B.C.(Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, 1-2 Chronicles). Lamentations and Daniel do not fit well with the latter prophets, where they are placed in the English order. The Hebrew order follows a book about exile (Lamentations) with an example of a woman in exile (Esther) and a man in exile (Daniel)—both showing an example of faithfulness unto death.
- The Hebrew order connects the parts of the OT. Both the Prophets and the Writings point back to the Law of Moses, which is seen explicitly at the beginning of both parts. The Prophets begin with Joshua, which points back to the Law (Joshua 1:8). And the Writings begin with Psalms, which also points back to the Law (Psalm 1:2). Further, both the Law and the Prophets conclude by looking forward to a new prophet. The Law ends with Deuteronomy, which looks to a new prophet (Deuteronomy 18:15; 34:10). And the Prophets end with Malachi, which also looks to a new prophet (Malachi 4:5-6).
- The Hebrew order connects the Old Testament with the New. The English order oddly places 1-2 Chronicles immediately after the similar book of 1-2 Kings. However, the Hebrew order places 1-2 Chronicles at the end of the OT as a summary of Judah’s history with the hopeful conclusion of Cyrus’ proclamation to rebuild the temple (2 Chronicles 36:22-23). This ends the OT on a cliffhanger, as the people were left waiting for the true temple proclaimed in the Gospels, Jesus Christ. And just as the last book of the OT (1-2 Chronicles) begins with a genealogy, so the next book (Matthew) begins with a genealogy—this time connecting to the awaited Savior.
These are just some of the many reasons why the Hebrew order is superior to the English order. The Hebrew order makes better sense of the OT. It therefore makes it easier for Christians to understand the Bible and see its beauty. But the ultimate reason why we should use the Hebrew order of the OT is that it is the order that Jesus used (Luke 24:44). We can only hope that someday the church will return to the Hebrew order in our English translations.
A Note on Zechariah
[1] The parallel passage in Matthew 23:34-36 identifies Zechariah as “the son of Barachiah.” This is confusing because Zechariah 1:1 identifies its author, the prophet Zechariah, as “the son of Berechiah.” However, there is no biblical record of the prophet being murdered in the way described by Jesus as “between the altar and the sanctuary.” However, this description of death does fit Zechariah the priest in 2 Chronicles 24:20-22. The problem is that he is described as “the son of Jehoiada” in Chronicles.
There have been many manifestations of open hostility toward God’s Word throughout history. This, however, begs the question: how? Jude gives us a hint in his letter:
Because among you are some whose fates were sealed in stone long ago. To paraphrase Jude: “They are ungodly people, who change the grace of our God into an occasion for immorality, and who put Jesus Christ to open shame” (Jude 1:4).
Bad people were able to enter the church and propagate their heretical ideas because of the church’s limited finances. God’s people need a plan that includes consistent, in-depth study of the Bible to safeguard themselves from the perils of false teaching.
